Sustainable Water Cleaning System for Point-of-Use Household Application in Developing Countries To Remove Contaminants from Drinking Water

2015 ◽  
pp. 285-317
Author(s):  
Bluyé DeMessie
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cleaning System ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Water Cleaning

scholarly journals A Non-electric and Affordable Surface Engineered Particle (SEP) based Point-of-Use (POU) Water Disinfection System

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepa Dixit ◽  
Virupakshi Soppina ◽  
Chinmay Ghoroi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Surface Hydrophobicity ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Binding Property ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Gravity Driven

AbstractAccess to safe drinking water is still a distant dream to millions of people around the world. Especially, people from the low-income group in the developing countries remain deprived of this fundamental right and causes millions of death. There is an urgent need to develop affordable and easy to handle water filter which can provide desired drinking water quality without any electricity. In the present work, a simple and low-cost surface engineered particle (SEP) based filter is developed via alkali treatment of soda-lime-silica particle. The SEP based filter can be used as a portable, non-electric, gravity-driven Point-of-Use (POU) water disinfection system. The developed SEP-based filter is capable to arrest the 99.48% (~2 to 2.5 log10 reduction) of gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli OP50) on its surface from the water containing 3 × 108 cells/ml. No bacterial regrowth is observed in the purified water for 12 h. The performance of SEP bed filter is implicated to the nano-scale surface roughness, its distribution along with the surface charge and surface hydrophobicity which are favorable to attract and adhere the bacteria in the flowing water. The observation is consistent over multiple filtration cycles indicating the suitability of SEP based bed filter for POU water disinfection. The SEP surface with 0.05 mM Ag+ loading (SEP+) completely inactivated (>99.99999%) bacteria and protects any bacteria recontamination in the purified water for its long term usage. The strong and effective silver binding property of SEP surface enables very minimal silver loading and eliminates any health hazard due to low silver leaching (~50 ppb) which is well below the drinking water equivalent level (DWEL ≤ 100 ppb). In rural and urban slum areas of developing countries where no water purification system exists prior to consumption, the easy-to-implement and affordable SEP-based gravity-driven non-electric point-of-use water purifier (materials cost ~ 0.25 USD) can be used to protect millions of lives from water borne diseases.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a new water treatment for point-of-use household applications to remove microorganisms and arsenic from drinking water

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip F. Souter ◽  
Graeme D. Cruickshank ◽  
Melanie Z. Tankerville ◽  
Bruce H. Keswick ◽  
Brian D. Ellis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Parasitic Pathogens

Contamination of drinking water by microorganisms and arsenic represents a major human health hazard in many parts of the world. An estimated 3.4 million deaths a year are attributable to waterborne diseases. Arsenic poisoning from contaminated water sources is causing a major health emergency in some countries such as Bangladesh where 35 to 77 million people are at risk.The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently recognized point-of-use water treatment as an effective means of reducing illness in developing country households. A new point-of-use water treatment system that is based on flocculation, sedimentation and disinfection was evaluated for the removal of bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens as well as arsenic from drinking water to estimate its potential for use in developing countries.Tests were conducted with United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-model and field- sample waters from developing countries. Samples were seeded with known numbers of organisms, treated with the combined flocculation/disinfection product, and assayed for survivors using standard assay techniques appropriate for the organism.Results indicated that this treatment system reduced the levels from 108/l to undetectable (<1) of 14 types of representative waterborne bacterial pathogens including Salmonella typhi and Vibrio cholerae. No Escherichia coli were detected post-treatment in 320 field water samples collected from five developing countries. In addition, the water treatment system reduced polio and rotavirus titres by greater than 4-log values. Cyrptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia inocula were reduced by greater than 3-log values following use of this water treatment system. Arsenic, added to laboratory test waters, was reduced by 99.8%, and naturally occurring arsenic in field samples from highly contaminated Bangladeshi wells was reduced by 99.5% to mean levels of 1.2 µg/l.This water treatment system has demonstrated the potential to provide improved drinking water to households in developing countries by removing microbial and arsenic contaminants.

Development of low cost point-of-use (POU) interventions for instant decontamination of drinking water in developing countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 101435
Author(s):  
Rajshree Patil ◽  
Dilshad Ahmad ◽  
Pradeep Balkundae ◽  
Shankar Kausley ◽  
Chetan Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of Use

scholarly journals Inactivation of bacteria from contaminated streams in Limpopo, South Africa by silver- or copper-nanoparticle paper filters

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa A. Dankovich ◽  
Jonathan S. Levine ◽  
Natasha Potgieter ◽  
Rebecca Dillingham ◽  
James A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Copper Nanoparticle ◽  
Waterborne Pathogens ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Contaminated Streams ◽  
Inactivation Of Bacteria

There is an urgent need for inexpensive point-of-use methods to purify drinking water in developing countries to reduce the incidence of illnesses caused by waterborne pathogens.

Lead removal from drinking water - development and validation of point-of-use treatment devices

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 209-216
Author(s):  
R. Sublet ◽  
A. Boireau ◽  
V.X. Yang ◽  
M.-O. Simonnot ◽  
C. Autugelle
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Lead Removal ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Safety Considerations

Two lead removal water filters were developed to lower lead levels in drinking water below 10 μg.L-1 in order to meet the new regulation given by the European Directive 98-83, applicable in December 2013. An appropriate adsorbent was selected through a stringent research program among a wide range of media, and is composed of a synthetic zeolite and an activated carbon. Two prototypes were developed: the first is a faucet-mounted filter which contains a fixed bed of the adsorbent and a hollow fiber bundle, while the second is an under-sink cartridge made of a porous extruded block of carbon and adsorbent. Both are able to treat at least 1,000 litres of any water containing on average 100 to 150 μg Pb.L-1, by lowering the lead concentration below 10 μg.L-1. Once their safety considerations were addressed by an independent laboratory according to the French Ministry of Health recommendations, 20 prototypes were installed at consumers' taps in northeastern France. Their performance in terms of lead removal, HPC control and bad taste and odor reduction was followed for 6 months. This field testing program resulted in the validation of both prototypes which meet the new French Ministry of Health recommendations and assures that the filtered water is fully ED 98-83 compliant. Their commercialization will be launched first in France in middle 2002.

Water Quality and Health

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kreisel
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Minimum Quality Standards ◽  
Quality Guidelines

Water quality can affect human health in various ways: through breeding of vectors, presence of pathogenic protozoa, helminths, bacteria and viruses, or through inorganic and organic chemicals. While traditional concern has been with pathogens and gastro-intestinal diseases, chemical pollutants in drinking-water supplies have in many instances reached proportions which affect human health, especially in cases of chronic exposure. Treatment of drinking-water, often grossly inadequate in developing countries, is the last barrier of health protection, but control at source is more effective for pollution control. Several WHO programmes of the International Drinking-Water Supply and Sanitation Decade have stimulated awareness of the importance of water quality in public water supplies. Three main streams have been followed during the eighties: guidelines for drinking-water quality, guidelines for wastewater reuse and the monitoring of freshwater quality. Following massive investments in the community water supply sector to provide people with adequate quantities of drinking-water, it becomes more and more important to also guarantee minimum quality standards. This has been recognized by many water and health authorities in developing countries and, as a result, WHO cooperates with many of them in establishing water quality laboratories and pollution control programmes.

PTSA (pressure and thermal swing adsorption) method to remove trihalomethanes from drinking water

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigekazu Nakano ◽  
Tomoko Fukuhara ◽  
Masami Hiasa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Remarkable Difference ◽  
Adsorption Method ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Thermal Swing Adsorption ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Musty Odor ◽  
Vacuum Heating

It has been widely recognized that trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water pose a risk to human health. THMs can be removed to a certain extent by the conventional point-of-use (POU) unit which is composed of activated carbon (AC) and microfilter. But it's life on THMs is relatively shorter than on residual chlorine or musty odor. To extent the life of AC adsorber, pressure and thermal swing adsorption (PTSA) was applied by preferential regeneration of chloroform. PTSA was effective to remove THMs, especially chloroform. Adsorption isotherms of chloroform at 25 and 70°C showed a remarkable difference so that thermal swing was considered effective. Chloroform was also desorbed by reducing pressure. By vacuum heating at 70°C, chloroform was almost desorbed from AC and reversible adsorption was considered possible. A prototype of POU unit with PTSA was proposed. Regeneration mode would consist of dewatering, vacuum heating and cooling (backwashing). The unit was maintained in bacteriostatic condition and could be used for a long time without changing an AC cartridge.

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