scholarly journals Investigating the Kinetic Mechanism of Inhibition of Elongation Factor 2 Kinase by NH125: Evidence of a Common in Vitro Artifact

Biochemistry ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 2100-2112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwini K. Devkota ◽  
Clint D. J. Tavares ◽  
Mangalika Warthaka ◽  
Olga Abramczyk ◽  
Kyle D. Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Kinetic Mechanism ◽  
Elongation Factor 2 ◽  
Mechanism Of Inhibition

scholarly journals Μελέτη μορίων του πρωτόζωου Leishmania που εμπλέκονται στην πρόοδο του κυτταρικού κύκλου

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Αλέξανδρος Αλεξανδράτος
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Alpha Subunit ◽  
Elongation Factor 2 ◽  
Mitochondrial Processing Peptidase ◽  
Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 ◽  
Eukaryotic Elongation Factor ◽  
Processing Peptidase

Τα είδη του γένους Leishmania αποτελούν υποχρεωτικά ενδοκυττάρια πρωτοζωικά παράσιτα που προκαλούν ένα ευρύ φάσμα ασθενειών, τις λεισμανιάσεις. Η λεϊσμανίαση θεωρείται νόσος εξέχουσας σπουδαιότητας, με 2 εκατομμύρια νέα κρούσματα το χρόνο, χρήζουσας μεγάλης κοινωνικής και οικονομικής σημασίας. Για τον έλεγχο των συνεχώς αυξανόμενων κρουσμάτων, είναι επιτακτική ανάγκη η ανάπτυξη νέων μη-τοξικών φαρμάκων που θα στοχεύουν σε μόρια-στόχους σημαντικά για την ολοκλήρωση του παρασιτικού κύκλου ζωής. Κατ’ αυτόν τον τρόπο κρίνεται απαραίτητη η μελέτη μηχανισμών και παραγόντων μολυσματικότητας του παρασίτου, που ελέγχουν τον κυτταρικό κύκλο και τη διαφοροποίηση του παρασίτου. Στα πλαίσια αυτά, έχει δειχθεί ότι η επισωμική υπερέκφραση της συνδετικής ιστόνης Η1 του παρασίτου Leishmania (LeishH1) οδηγεί στην καθυστέρηση της ολοκλήρωσης του κυτταρικού κύκλου, αλλά παράλληλα και στη μείωση του ρυθμού διαφοροποίησης των παρασίτων από προμαστιγωτές σε αμαστιγωτές μορφές, έχοντας σαν αποτέλεσμα τη μείωση της μολυσματικότητας του παρασίτου τόσο in vitro όσο και in vivo. Στόχος αυτής της διατριβής ήταν η ανάδειξη μορίων που επηρεάζουν τη μολυσματικότητα του παρασίτου, μελετώντας το προτέωμα των μη μολυσματικών παρασίτων που υπερεκφράζουν την LeishH1. Η συγκριτική μελέτη των παρασίτων που υπερεκφράζουν τη LeishH1 σε σχέση με τα παράσιτα ελέγχου, είχε επίσης ως σκοπό την περαιτέρω μελέτη του βιολογικού ρόλου της LeishH1 στα παράσιτα και τη διερεύνηση του ρόλου της στη γονιδιακή ρύθμιση του παρασίτου. Η συγκριτική πρωτεομική ανάλυση με ηλεκτροφόρηση δυο-διαστάσεων, των παρασίτων που υπερεκφράζουν την LeishH1 σε σχέση με τα παράσιτα ελέγχου, κατέδειξε πως μόνο μια μικρή ομάδα πρωτεϊνών παρουσιάζει διαφορική έκφραση. Συγκεκριμένα, τρεις πρωτεΐνες [heat shock protein 83 (HSP83), eukaryotic elongation factor 2(eEF-2), alpha subunit of the mitochondrial processing peptidase (α-MPP)] παρουσιάζουν χαμηλότερα επίπεδα έκφρασης ενώ άλλες δυο (α/β τουμπουλίνη, ΜΑΡ) παρουσιάζουν μεγαλύτερη κατανομή έκφρασης. Πειράματα αλυσιδωτής αντίδρασης πολυμεράσης αντίστροφης μεταγραφάσης πραγματικού χρόνου, επιβεβαίωσαν το αποτέλεσμα αυτό, υποδηλώνοντας ότι η LeishH1 δεν είναι γενικός καταστολέας της μεταγραφής αλλά επηρεάζει ένα ειδικό υποσύνολο πρωτεϊνών, σε προ- ή μετα-μεταγραφικό επίπεδο. Ανάμεσα στις πρωτεΐνες με διαφορική έκφραση ήταν και η τουμπουλίνη. Η διαφορική έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης αντικατοπτρίζεται άμεσα στη μορφολογία των παρασίτων που υπερεκφράζουν την LeishH1, καθώς τα παράσιτα αυτά παρουσιάζουν μικρότερο και πιο στρογγυλό σχήμα και μεγαλύτερη μορφολογική ετερογένεια. Μια ακόμα πρωτεΐνη με διαφορική έκφραση, ήταν και η HSP83, η οποία παρουσίασε χαμηλότερα επίπεδα. Θέλοντας να εξακριβώσουμε σε ποιο επίπεδο παρεμβαίνει η LeishH1 στο μηχανισμό έκφρασης της HSP83, συγκρίναμε τα επίπεδα του mRNA και η ανάλυση κατέδειξε ότι δεν υπάρχουν διαφορές στα επίπεδα αυτά. Επίσης, μελετήθηκε ο ρυθμός έκφρασης της πρωτεΐνης μέσω της μεταβολικής σήμανσης των πρωτεϊνών και αποκαλύφθηκε πως σε αυτό το στάδιο εντοπίζεται η παρεμβολή της LeishH1, καθώς τα παράσιτα που την υπερεκφράζουν παρουσιάζουν χαμηλότερο ρυθμό έκφρασης της HSP83. Συμπερασματικά διαφαίνεται πως υπάρχει μια συσχέτιση μεταξύ μονοπατιών που εμπλέκονται στην αντίσταση έναντι φαρμακευτικών ουσιών, στην απόπτωση και τη μολυσματικότητα. Κατ’ αυτόν τον τρόπο, τα ειδικά σήματα και οι μηχανισμοί που ρυθμίζουν τη διαφοροποίηση/μολυσματικότητα του παρασίτου και την απόπτωση/απόκριση στο στρες, χρήζουν περαιτέρω διερεύνησης καθώς φαίνεται να αποτελούν τις δυο όψεις του ίδιου νομίσματος.

In vitro biosynthesis of diphthamide, studied with mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells resistant to diphtheria toxin

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 642-650
Author(s):  
T J Moehring ◽  
D E Danley ◽  
J M Moehring
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Hamster Ovary ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Synthetase Activity ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Ovary Cells ◽  
Elongation Factor 2

Diphthamide, a unique amino acid, is a post-translational derivative of histidine that exists in protein synthesis elongation factor 2 at the site of diphtheria toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2. We investigated steps in the biosynthesis of diphthamide with mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells that were altered in different steps of this complex post-translational modification. Biochemical evidence indicates that this modification requires a minimum of three steps, two of which we accomplished in vitro. We identified a methyltransferase activity that transfers methyl groups from S-adenosyl methionine to an unmethylated form of diphthine (the deamidated form of diphthamide), and we tentatively identified an ATP-dependent synthetase activity involved in the biosynthesis of diphthamide from diphthine. Our results are in accord with the proposed structure of diphthamide (B. G. VanNess, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 255:10710-10716, 1980).

scholarly journals Identification of autophosphorylation sites in eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase

2012 ◽  
Vol 442 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Pyr Dit Ruys ◽  
Xuemin Wang ◽  
Ewan M. Smith ◽  
Gaëtan Herinckx ◽  
Nusrat Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Elongation Factor 2 ◽  
Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 ◽  
293 Cells ◽  
Eukaryotic Elongation Factor ◽  
A Site

eEF2K [eEF2 (eukaryotic elongation factor 2) kinase] phosphorylates and inactivates the translation elongation factor eEF2. eEF2K is not a member of the main eukaryotic protein kinase superfamily, but instead belongs to a small group of so-called α-kinases. The activity of eEF2K is normally dependent upon Ca2+ and calmodulin. eEF2K has previously been shown to undergo autophosphorylation, the stoichiometry of which suggested the existence of multiple sites. In the present study we have identified several autophosphorylation sites, including Thr348, Thr353, Ser366 and Ser445, all of which are highly conserved among vertebrate eEF2Ks. We also identified a number of other sites, including Ser78, a known site of phosphorylation, and others, some of which are less well conserved. None of the sites lies in the catalytic domain, but three affect eEF2K activity. Mutation of Ser78, Thr348 and Ser366 to a non-phosphorylatable alanine residue decreased eEF2K activity. Phosphorylation of Thr348 was detected by immunoblotting after transfecting wild-type eEF2K into HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells, but not after transfection with a kinase-inactive construct, confirming that this is indeed a site of autophosphorylation. Thr348 appears to be constitutively autophosphorylated in vitro. Interestingly, other recent data suggest that the corresponding residue in other α-kinases is also autophosphorylated and contributes to the activation of these enzymes [Crawley, Gharaei, Ye, Yang, Raveh, London, Schueler-Furman, Jia and Cote (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286, 2607–2616]. Ser366 phosphorylation was also detected in intact cells, but was still observed in the kinase-inactive construct, demonstrating that this site is phosphorylated not only autocatalytically but also in trans by other kinases.

scholarly journals Diphtheria toxin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 3357-3360 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Y Chen ◽  
J W Bodley ◽  
D M Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Elongation Factor 2 ◽  
Resistant Phenotype ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Mendelian Character

We developed a selection procedure based on the observation that diphtheria toxin kills spheroplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Murakami et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:588-592, 1982); this procedure yielded mutants resistant to the in vitro action of the toxin. Spheroplasts of mutagenized S. cerevisiae were transformed in the presence of diphtheria toxin, and the transformed survivors were screened in vitro for toxin-resistant elongation factor 2. Thirty-one haploid ADP ribosylation-negative mutants comprising five complementation groups were obtained by this procedure. The mutants grew normally and were stable to prolonged storage. Heterozygous diploids produced by mating wild-type sensitive cells with the mutants revealed that in each case the resistant phenotype was recessive to the sensitive phenotype. Sporulation of these diploids yielded tetrads in which the resistant phenotype segregated as a single Mendelian character. From these observations, we concluded that these mutants are defective in the enzymatic steps responsible for the posttranslational modification of elongation factor 2 which is necessary for recognition by diphtheria toxin.

scholarly journals Effects of Ribosomes and Intracellular Solutes on Activities and Stabilities of Elongation Factor 2 Proteins from Psychrotolerant and Thermophilic Methanogens

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (6) ◽  
pp. 1974-1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Thomas ◽  
Naresh Kumar ◽  
Ricardo Cavicchioli
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Catalytic Efficiency ◽  
Intrinsic Activity ◽  
Methanosarcina Thermophila ◽  
Elongation Factor 2

ABSTRACT Low-temperature-adapted archaea are abundant in the environment, yet little is known about the thermal adaptation of their proteins. We have previously compared elongation factor 2 (EF-2) proteins from Antarctic (Methanococcoides burtonii) and thermophilic (Methanosarcina thermophila) methanogens and found that theM. burtonii EF-2 had greater intrinsic activity at low temperatures and lower thermal stability at high temperatures (T. Thomas and R. Cavicchioli, J. Bacteriol. 182:1328–1332, 2000). While the gross thermal properties correlated with growth temperature, the activity and stability profiles of the EF-2 proteins did not precisely match the optimal growth temperature of each organism. This indicated that intracellular components may affect the thermal characteristics of the EF-2 proteins, and in this study we examined the effects of ribosomes and intracellular solutes. At a high growth temperature the thermophile produced high levels of potassium glutamate, which, when assayed in vitro with EF-2, retarded thermal unfolding and increased catalytic efficiency. In contrast, for the Antarctic methanogen adaptation to growth at a low temperature did not involve the accumulation of stabilizing organic solutes but appeared to result from an increased affinity of EF-2 for GTP and high levels of EF-2 in the cell relative to its low growth rate. Furthermore, ribosomes greatly stimulated GTPase activity and moderately stabilized both EF-2 proteins. These findings illustrate the different physiological strategies that have evolved in two phylogenetically related but thermally distinct methanogens to enable EF-2 to function satisfactorily.

Distribution of elongation factor 2 between particulate and soluble fractions of the brine shrimp Artemia during early development

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 833-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Yablonka-Reuveni ◽  
J. J. Fontaine ◽  
A. H. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Subcellular Distribution ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Adp Ribosylation ◽  
Elongation Factor 2 ◽  
Soluble Fractions

The ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2 (EF-2) in vitro was used to quantitate EF-2 and to determine its subcellular distribution in extracts of Artemia embryos at different stages of development. In extracts from dormant cysts of Artemia 40–45% of EF-2 is complexed to macromolecules smaller than ribosomes, whereas the remainder is soluble or free in the cytosol. During early development the amount of "complexed" EF-2 decreases markedly concomitant with an increase in the pool of soluble EF-2. Complexed EF-2 was found to be associated with macromolecules which sediment at 16S–20S and 40S–50S and not with monoribosomes or polyribosomes as reported for mammalian systems. The data show that the decrease in complexed EF-2 is associated with the resumption of development in Artemia.

scholarly journals Inhibition by ricin of protein synthesis in vitro. Inhibition of the binding of elongation factor 2 and of adenosine diphosphate-ribosylated elongation factor 2 to ribosomes

1975 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Montanaro ◽  
S Sperti ◽  
A Mattioli ◽  
G Testoni ◽  
F Stirpe
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Polypeptide Chain ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Chain Elongation ◽  
Elongation Factor 2 ◽  
In Vitro Inhibition ◽  
Liver Ribosomes

The binding of EF2 (elongation factor 2) and of ADP-ribosyl-EF 2 to rat liver ribosomes is inhibited by ricin. This result suggests that the native enzyme and its ADP-ribose derivative have the same or closely related binding sites on the ribosome. The inhibition by ricin of the binding of EF 2 to ribosomes is consistent with the previous observation that ricin affects EF 2-catalysed translocation during polypeptide chain elongation.

scholarly journals Inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro by crotins and ricin. Effect on the steps of peptide chain elongation

1976 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sperti ◽  
L Montanaro ◽  
A Mattioli ◽  
G Testoni ◽  
F Stirpe
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Chain Elongation ◽  
Gtp Hydrolysis ◽  
Elongation Factor 2 ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Liver Ribosomes

The effects of crotin I and crotin II on the partial reactions of polypeptide chain elongation were investigated and compared with the known effects of ricin. Crotin II was a more powerful inhibitor than crotin I, but no qualitative differences between the two crotins were found. Rat liver ribosomes, preincubated with crotins and washed through sucrose gradients, remained inactive in protein synthesis. Among the individual steps of elongation, the peptidyltransferase reaction was unaffected by crotins, but some of the reactions that involve the interaction of elongation factors 1 and 2 with ribosomes were modified. A strong inhibition of the binding of elongation factor 2 to ribosomes and a stimulation of the elongation factor2-dependent GTP hydrolysis were observed; this indicates the formation of a very unstable elongation factor 2-GDP-ribosome complex, which, however, allows a single round of translocation to take place in the presence ofelongation factor 2 and added GTP. The elongation factor 1-dependent GTP hydrolysis was inhibited by crotins, whereas the enzymic binding of aminoacyl-tRNA, to both rat liver and Artemia salina ribosomes, was scarcely affected. In a protein-synthesizing system the inhibition by crotins and by ricin leads to a block of the nascent peptides on the ribosomal aminoacyl-tRNA site, an effect consistent with inhibition at the level of translocation. The mechanism of action of crotins appears to be very similar to that of ricin.

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