Biosynthesis of wax esters in fish. Reduction of fatty acids and oxidation of alcohols

Biochemistry ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 4851-4854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Sand ◽  
Jean L. Hehl ◽  
Hermann Schlenk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Fish Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Of Alcohols

Distribution of lipids between the zooxanthellae and animal compartment in the symbiotic sea anemoneAnemonia viridis: Wax esters, triglycerides and fatty acids

1991 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Harland ◽  
L. M. Fixter ◽  
P. Spencer Davies ◽  
R. A. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Wax Esters

scholarly journals Fatty Acyl Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acid (FAHFA) Lipid Families

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 512
Author(s):  
Paul L. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Hydroxy Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Hydroxy Fatty Acids ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Branched Chain

Fatty Acyl esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFA) encompass three different lipid families which have incorrectly been classified as wax esters. These families include (i) Branched-chain FAHFAs, involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism and inflammation, with acylation of an internal branched-chain hydroxy-palmitic or -stearic acid; (ii) ω-FAHFAs, which function as biosurfactants in a number of biofluids, are formed via acylation of the ω-hydroxyl group of very-long-chain fatty acids (these lipids have also been designated as o-acyl hydroxy fatty acids; OAHFA); and (iii) Ornithine-FAHFAs are bacterial lipids formed by the acylation of short-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids and the addition of ornithine to the free carboxy group of the hydroxy fatty acid. The differences in biosynthetic pathways and cellular functions of these lipid families will be reviewed and compared to wax esters, which are formed by the acylation of a fatty alcohol, not a hydroxy fatty acid. In summary, FAHFA lipid families are both unique and complex in their biosynthesis and their biological actions. We have only evaluated the tip of the iceberg and much more exciting research is required to understand these lipids in health and disease.

Epicuticular Waxes from Leaves of Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.)

1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 599-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. N. Prasad ◽  
Paul-Gerhard Gülz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Primary Alcohols ◽  
Free Alcohol ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract The epicuticular waxes from the leaves of maples (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) contained hydrocarbons (6.9%), wax esters (5.5%), aldehydes (38.1%), primary alcohols (10.2%) and fatty acids (17.1%). In addition to these common wax lipids, benzyl acyl esters (2.1%) and triterpenoids were also present. β-Sitosterol, β-amyrin and 24-methylene-cycloartenol were found in the form of acetates (14.4%). β-Amyrin was also present as free alcohol (4.9%) and esterified with long chain fatty acids (~ 0.7%).

Wax Esters of n -3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A New Stable Formulation as a Potential Food Supplement. 1 — Digestion and Absorption in Rats

LWT ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 458-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gorreta ◽  
R. Bernasconi ◽  
G. Galliani ◽  
M. Salmona ◽  
M.T. Tacconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Potential Food

Lipids, trophic relationships, and biodiversity in Arctic and Antarctic krill

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (S3) ◽  
pp. 178-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stig Falk-Petersen ◽  
Wilhelm Hagen ◽  
Gerhard Kattner ◽  
Andrew Clarke ◽  
John Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Euphausia Superba ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Trophic Relationships ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Lower Ratio ◽  
The Antarctic

Environmental seasonality is a critical factor in structuring polar marine ecosystems. The extensive data now available on the lipids of Arctic and Antarctic euphausiids show that all species are characterised by a seasonally high lipid content, and neutral lipids, whether wax esters or triacylglycerols, are primarily accumulated for reproduction. The Arctic Thysanoessa inermis and the Antarctic Euphausia crystallorophias contain high levels of wax esters and higher concentrations of 18:4(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) and a lower ratio of 18:1(n-9)/(n-7) fatty acids in their neutral lipids than the Arctic Thysanoessa raschii and the Antarctic Thysanoessa macrura and Euphausia superba. Large amounts of phytol in the lipids of T. raschii and E. crystallorophias during winter suggest the ingestion of decaying algae originating in sedimenting material or in sea ice. Thysanoessa raschii, T. macrura, and E. superba have a high ratio of 18:1(n-9)/ (n-7) fatty acids, indicating animal carnivory. We conclude that T. inermis and E. crystallorophias are true high polar herbivores, while T. raschii, T. macrura, and E. superba are omnivores with a more boreal distribution. The Arctic species Thysanoessa longicaudata and Meganyctiphanes norvegica are carnivores feeding on Calanus, as indicated by high amounts of 20:1(n-9) and 22:1(n-11) fatty acids.

The endemic faunae of Lake Baikal: their general biochemistry and detailed lipid composition

1984 ◽  
Vol 222 (1226) ◽  
pp. 51-78 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Sterol Composition ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Biochemical Components ◽  
Long Chain

The biochemical composition of the important endemic faunal groups in Lake Baikal, Siberia, have been examined. The major biochemical components were determined and detailed analyses of the lipid fractions are presented. The lipids are characterized by high levels of long-chain ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the glyceride-esters, the presence of large amounts of triglyceride in pelagic and bathy-pelagic species with a complete absence of wax esters, and a very simple sterol composition dominated almost exclusively by cholesterol. The results are discussed in relation to present knowledge concerning both marine and freshwater lipids and the possible origin and evolution of the Baikalian fauna. Present theories concerning the likely role of long-chain polyunsaturates and wax esters in lipids are considered in the light of these present results and a link is suggested between sterol diversity and type of evolution.

Epicuticular Leaf Wax of Euphorbia helioscopia L. (Euphorbiaceae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nazir ◽  
Waqar Ahmad ◽  
Naeem Akhtar Rabi ◽  
Shafiq Ahmad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Lipid Classes ◽  
Hexadecanoic Acid ◽  
Polar Components ◽  
Leaf Wax ◽  
Euphorbia Helioscopia ◽  
Main Components

The epicuticular wax of Euphorbia helioscopia was fractionated into fatty acids, hydrocarbons, wax esters, aldehydes, methyl esters, triterpenol acetates, alcohols, sterols, and polar components. The composition of the fractions was determined by GC, GC-MS, HPLC. Main components within these lipid classes are hentriacontane, wax esters C46 and C48, octacosanal, hexacosanol and octacosanol, hexadecanoic acid, and β-sitosterol. Lupeol and its acetate were also confirmed.

Fatty acid characterization of lipid fractions from blubber biopsies of sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus located around the Azores

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Walton ◽  
M.A. Silva ◽  
S.M. Magalhães ◽  
R. Prieto ◽  
R.S. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Alcohols ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Physeter Macrocephalus ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Sperm Whales ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Mammal Species

Fatty acid profiles of blubber have been shown previously to provide information on stock structure and sex differences. Generally the predominant blubber lipid of marine mammal species is triacylglycerol (fatty acids linked to glycerol) and previous studies have focused on this lipid class. But in some species such as the sperm whales the predominant lipid is wax esters (fatty acids linked to fatty alcohols) although triacylglycerols are also present. In this study the fatty acids and fatty alcohols of these lipid classes were characterized and the fatty acid profiles compared in order to assess their potential to provide qualitative ecological data.Biopsy samples were obtained from 40 whales found in seas around the Azores achipelago during the period 2002–2003. The samples contained about 10% lipid of which 70% was wax ester and 11% triacylglycerol. The fatty acids of the triacylglycerols and wax esters were respectively approximately 19% and 16% saturated, 74% and 80% monounsaturated and 5% and 3% polyunsaturated with the main contributors being 18:1n-9, 16:1n-7 and 16:0. The alcohols of the wax esters were mainly either saturated or monounsaturated with the main contributors being 18:1n-9 (40%) and 16:0 (22%). No statistically significant differences in profiles were found between different island groups, between sexes or between years of sampling. In future studies there would not appear to be any apparent benefits over total lipid in examining each of the fatty acid classes of sperm whale blubber separately.

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