scholarly journals Diverse Views in the Assignment of Credit for Research Discoveries

ACS Omega ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Jeffrey I. Seeman
Keyword(s):  
Assignment Of Credit

31 Spain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herrera Antonio
Keyword(s):  
Royal Decree ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Spanish Law ◽  
Assignment Of Credit ◽  
The Law ◽  
Financial Transactions

This chapter discusses the law of set-off in Spain. Under Spanish law, set-off represents a means of extinguishing an obligation between a debtor and a creditor. Set-off occurs mainly as a form of payment rather than a guarantee. The chapter first considers set-off between solvent parties, focusing on the requirements of statutory set-off, set-off in case of assignment of credit rights, and set-off as a mechanism for creating security interests. It then examines set-off against insolvent parties, with emphasis on the scope of the prohibition set out in Article 58 of the Insolvency Act regarding set-off against an insolvent debtor and whether there are exceptions to this prohibition. The chapter also analyses set-off in financial transactions subject to Royal Decree Law 5/2005, along with cross-border situations relating to set-off against insolvent parties and choice of law with respect to set-off between solvent parties.

A Method for Illustrating the Continuity of Behavior during Schedules of Reinforcement

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Silva ◽  
Ruhiyyih Yuille ◽  
Lisa K. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Operant Behavior ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Fixed Interval ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Schedules Of Reinforcement ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Assignment Of Credit ◽  
First Contact

In this article, we present a method for illustrating the continuity of behavior during schedules of reinforcement. Students experienced either a fixed-interval 15-sec schedule in which the first contact after 15 sec of a cursor on a computer screen with a 0.7-cm diameter virtual (invisible) target resulted in reinforcement (a beep) or a fixed-ratio 5 schedule in which every 5th contact with the target produced the reinforcer. In addition to illustrating the continuity of behavior, this method provides a means of exposing students to concepts and methods such as the acquisition of operant behavior, the assignment-of-credit problem, the organization of behavior across time, and the analysis of single-subject data.

Assignment of Credit and Blame for Performance Outcomes

1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Michael Crant ◽  
Thomas S. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Assignment Of Credit

The assignment of credit limits with a behaviour-scoring system

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN BLACKWELL ◽  
CHRIS SYKES
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Assignment Of Credit

scholarly journals Neural Signatures of Prediction Errors in a Decision-Making Task Are Modulated by Action Execution Failures

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel D. McDougle ◽  
Peter A. Butcher ◽  
Darius Parvin ◽  
Fasial Mushtaq ◽  
Yael Niv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Action Execution ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Assignment Of Credit ◽  
Level Information ◽  
High Level

AbstractDecisions must be implemented through actions, and actions are prone to error. As such, when an expected outcome is not obtained, an individual should not only be sensitive to whether the choice itself was suboptimal, but also whether the action required to indicate that choice was executed successfully. The intelligent assignment of credit to action execution versus action selection has clear ecological utility for the learner. To explore this scenario, we used a modified version of a classic reinforcement learning task in which feedback indicated if negative prediction errors were, or were not, associated with execution errors. Using fMRI, we asked if prediction error computations in the human striatum, a key substrate in reinforcement learning and decision making, are modulated when a failure in action execution results in the negative outcome. Participants were more tolerant of non-rewarded outcomes when these resulted from execution errors versus when execution was successful but the reward was withheld. Consistent with this behavior, a model-driven analysis of neural activity revealed an attenuation of the signal associated with negative reward prediction error in the striatum following execution failures. These results converge with other lines of evidence suggesting that prediction errors in the mesostriatal dopamine system integrate high-level information during the evaluation of instantaneous reward outcomes.

ASSIGNMENT OF CREDIT AND BLAME FOR PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES.

1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Crant ◽  
T. S. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Assignment Of Credit

Psychology of the Scientist: LXXX. Attitudes regarding Authorship Issues in Psychological Publications

2000 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 771-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon A. Bartle ◽  
Alexis A. Fink ◽  
Bryan C. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Assignment Of Credit

The purpose of this article is to explore empirically issues and attitudes surrounding the assignment of credit for authorship in psychological research. A survey consisting of research tasks, vignettes, and questions relating to collaborations between faculty and students was completed by 203 individuals (23.3% response rate) from a national, random sample of faculty and graduate students. Analysis indicated that tasks related to manuscript writing, developing research ideas, and research design were important criteria for assigning credit of authorship. Status, seniority, and data collection were rated as unimportant to the assignment of credit. The issues surrounding collaborations between faculty and students were also examined.

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