Activating Magnesium Electrolytes through Chemical Generation of Free Chloride and Removal of Trace Water

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong Shik Kim ◽  
Kimberly A. See
Keyword(s):  
Free Chloride ◽  
Trace Water

scholarly journals Broadband dielectric spectroscopy for monitoring temperature-dependent chloride ion motion in BiOCl plates

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Radoń ◽  
Dariusz Łukowiec ◽  
Patryk Włodarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dielectric Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy ◽  
Free Chloride ◽  
Structure Rebuilding

AbstractThe dielectric properties and electrical conduction mechanism of bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) plates synthesized using chloramine-T as the chloride ion source were investigated. Thermally-activated structure rebuilding was monitored using broadband dielectric spectroscopy, which showed that the onset temperature of this process was 283 K. This rebuilding was related to the introduction of free chloride ions into [Bi2O2]2+ layers and their growth, which increased the intensity of the (101) diffraction peak. The electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity were related to the movement of chloride ions between plates (in the low-frequency region), the interplanar motion of Cl− ions at higher frequencies, vibrations of these ions, and charge carrier hopping at frequencies above 10 kHz. The influence of the free chloride ion concentration on the electrical conductivity was also described. Structure rebuilding was associated with a lower concentration of free chloride ions, which significantly decreased the conductivity. According to the analysis, the BiOCl plate conductivity was related to the movement of Cl− ions, not electrons.

scholarly journals A four-electron Zn-I2 aqueous battery enabled by reversible I−/I2/I+ conversion

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiping Zou ◽  
Tingting Liu ◽  
Qijun Du ◽  
Yingying Li ◽  
Haibo Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Electrolyte ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Redox Couples ◽  
Free Chloride ◽  
Reversible Redox ◽  
Aqueous Battery ◽  
Storage Batteries ◽  
Aqueous Batteries ◽  
Superior Level

AbstractElectrochemically reversible redox couples that embrace more electron transfer at a higher potential are the eternal target for energy storage batteries. Here, we report a four-electron aqueous zinc-iodine battery by activating the highly reversible I2/I+ couple (1.83 V vs. Zn/Zn2+) in addition to the typical I−/I2 couple (1.29 V). This is achieved by intensive solvation of the aqueous electrolyte to yield ICl inter-halogens and to suspend its hydrolysis. Experimental characterization and modelling reveal that limited water activity and sufficient free chloride ions in the electrolyte are crucial for the four-electron process. The merits of the electrolyte also afford to stabilize Zn anode, leading to a reliable Zn-I2 aqueous battery of 6000 cycles. Owing to high operational voltage and capacity, energy density up to 750 Wh kg−1 based on iodine mass was achieved (15–20 wt% iodine in electrode). It pushes the Zn-I2 battery to a superior level among these available aqueous batteries.

scholarly journals Concrete Examination of 100-Year-Old Bridge Structure above the Kłodnica River Flowing through the Agglomeration of Upper Silesia in Gliwice: A Case Study

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 981
Author(s):  
Barbara Słomka-Słupik ◽  
Jacek Podwórny ◽  
Beata Grynkiewicz-Bylina ◽  
Marek Salamak ◽  
Bibianna Bartoszek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Bridge Safety ◽  
Free Chloride ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry

The article analyzes the composition of concrete taken from various elements from a 100-year-old bridge in South Poland, so as to analyze its technical condition. The main methods applied during experimental work were: Designation of pH, free chloride content, salinity, XRD and SEM examinations, as well as metals determination using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP­MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ICP-MS, and cold-vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS). The concrete of the bridge was strongly carbonated and decalcified with an extremely high content of chlorides. The pH of the concrete was in a range from 10.5 to 12.0. Acid soluble components were between 9.9% and 17.6%. Typical sulfate corrosion phases of concrete were not detected. Friedels’ salt was found only at the extremity of an arch. The crown block was corroded to the greatest extent. Various heavy metals were absorbed into the concrete, likely from previous centuries, when environmental protection policy was poor. The applied research methodology can be used on bridges exposed to specific external influences. The acquired knowledge can be useful in the management processes of the bridge infrastructure. It can help in making decisions about decommissioning or extending the life cycle of the bridge. This work should also sensitize researchers and decision-makers to the context of “bridge safety”.

Effects of Trace Water on Self-Assembly of Sulfonated Block Copolymers During Solution Processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 4893-4901
Author(s):  
Karthika Madathil ◽  
Kayla A. Lantz ◽  
Morgan Stefik ◽  
Gila E. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Block Copolymers ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Solution Processing ◽  
Trace Water

Application of Raman spectroscopy to quantify trace water concentrations in glasses and garnets

2008 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 1550-1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-M. Thomas ◽  
R. Thomas ◽  
P. Davidson ◽  
P. Reichart ◽  
M. Koch-Muller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Trace Water

The effect of chloride ion source on the free chloride ion percentages in OPC mortars

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 739-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Al-Hussaini ◽  
C.M. Sangha ◽  
B.A. Plunkett ◽  
P.J. Walden
Keyword(s):  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Free Chloride

Direct and pulsed current electrodeposition of Zn-Mn coatings from additive-free chloride electrolytes for improved corrosion resistance

2021 ◽  
pp. 139379
Author(s):  
Yashwardhan Deo ◽  
Rishav Ghosh ◽  
Anushri Nag ◽  
D. Vijay Kumar ◽  
Rajdeep Mondal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Pulsed Current ◽  
Free Chloride
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