Wavelength Dependence of UV Photoemission from Solvated Electrons in Bulk Water, Methanol, and Ethanol

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (8) ◽  
pp. 1153-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yo-ichi Yamamoto ◽  
Shutaro Karashima ◽  
Shunsuke Adachi ◽  
Toshinori Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Wavelength Dependence ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Solvated Electrons

scholarly journals The solvation of electrons by an atmospheric-pressure plasma

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rumbach ◽  
David M. Bartels ◽  
R. Mohan Sankaran ◽  
David B. Go
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Solvated Electrons ◽  
Optical Absorbance ◽  
Pressure Plasma ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Debye Layer ◽  
Measured Absorption

Abstract Solvated electrons are typically generated by radiolysis or photoionization of solutes. While plasmas containing free electrons have been brought into contact with liquids in studies dating back centuries, there has been little evidence that electrons are solvated by this approach. Here we report direct measurements of solvated electrons generated by an atmospheric-pressure plasma in contact with the surface of an aqueous solution. The electrons are measured by their optical absorbance using a total internal reflection geometry. The measured absorption spectrum is unexpectedly blue shifted, which is potentially due to the intense electric field in the interfacial Debye layer. We estimate an average penetration depth of 2.5±1.0 nm, indicating that the electrons fully solvate before reacting through second-order recombination. Reactions with various electron scavengers including H+, NO2 −, NO3 − and H2O2 show that the kinetics are similar, but not identical, to those for solvated electrons formed in bulk water by radiolysis.

scholarly journals Photoelectron spectra of solvated electrons in bulk water, methanol, and ethanol

2012 ◽  
Vol 535 ◽  
pp. 12-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Horio ◽  
Huan Shen ◽  
Shunsuke Adachi ◽  
Toshinori Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Water ◽  
Photoelectron Spectra ◽  
Solvated Electrons

Polarimetric Observations of Red Variables: A Study of Gas and Particle Interactions

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 386-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. V. Coyne ◽  
I. S. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Wavelength Dependence ◽  
Stellar Atmosphere ◽  
Molecular Absorption ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Absorption And Emission ◽  
Mira Variables ◽  
Stellar Photosphere ◽  
Regular Variable ◽  
Red Supergiants ◽  
Balmer Lines

AbstractIn recent years the wavelength, dependence of the polarization in a number of Mira variables, semi-regular variables and red supergiants has been measured with resolutions between 0.3 and 300 A over the range 3300 to 11000 A. Variations are seen across molecular absorption bands, especially TiO bands, and across atomic absorption and emission lines, especially the Balmer lines. In most cases one can ignore or it is possible to eliminate the effects due to interstellar polarization, so that one can study the polarization mechanisms operating in the stellar atmosphere and environment. The stars Omicron Ceti. (Mira), V CVn (semi-regular variable) and Mu Cephei (M2 la), in addition to other stars similar to them, will be discussed in some detail.Models to explain the observed polarization consider that the continuum flux is polarized either by electron, molecular and/or grain scattering or by temperature variations and/or geometrical asymmetries over the stellar photosphere. This polarized radiation is affected by atomic and molecular absorption and emission processes at various geometric depths in the stellar atmosphere and envelope. High resolution spectropolarimetry promises, therefore, to be a power-rul tool for studying stratification effects in these stars.

STEM measurement of subcellular water distributions

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
R.D. Leapman ◽  
S.Q. Sun ◽  
S-L. Shi ◽  
R.A. Buchanan ◽  
S.B. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Inelastic Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Annular Dark Field

Recent advances in rapid-freezing and cryosectioning techniques coupled with use of the quantitative signals available in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) can provide us with new methods for determining the water distributions of subcellular compartments. The water content is an important physiological quantity that reflects how fluid and electrolytes are regulated in the cell; it is also required to convert dry weight concentrations of ions obtained from x-ray microanalysis into the more relevant molar ionic concentrations. Here we compare the information about water concentrations from both elastic (annular dark-field) and inelastic (electron energy loss) scattering measurements.In order to utilize the elastic signal it is first necessary to increase contrast by removing the water from the cryosection. After dehydration the tissue can be digitally imaged under low-dose conditions, in the same way that STEM mass mapping of macromolecules is performed. The resulting pixel intensities are then converted into dry mass fractions by using an internal standard, e.g., the mean intensity of the whole image may be taken as representative of the bulk water content of the tissue.

Bulk water treatment unit performance: For the cameras or the community?

Waterlines ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Luff ◽  
Caetano Dorea
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Unit Performance

Investigating artificial groundwater recharge to ensure the water supply to the city of Graz

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilhelm Tischendorf ◽  
Hans Kupfersberger ◽  
Christian Schilling ◽  
Oliver Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Retention Rates ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Artificial Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Water Recharge ◽  
Water Supply Company

Being Austria's fourth largest water-supply company, the Grazer Stadtwerke AG., has ensured the successful water-supply of the Styrian capital with 250.000 inhabitants for many years. The average daily water demand of the area amounts to about 50,000 m3. Approximately 30 % of the total demand is covered by the bulk water supply from the Zentral Wasser Versorgung Hochschwab Süd. The waterworks Friesach and Andritz, which cover the additional 70 % of the water demand, operate by means of artificial groundwater recharge plants where horizontal filter wells serve as drawing shafts. The groundwater recharge systems serve to increase the productivity of the aquifer and to reduce the share of the infiltration from the Mur River. Protection areas have been identified to ensure that the water quality of the aquifer stay at optimal levels. The protection areas are divided into zones indicating various restrictions for usage and planning. Two respective streams serve as the source for the water recharge plants. Different infiltration systems are utilised. Each of the various artificial groundwater recharge systems displays specific advantages and disadvantages in terms of operation as well as maintenance. In order to secure a sustainable drinking water supply the recharge capacity will be increased. Within an experimental setting different mixtures of top soils are investigated with respect to infiltration and retention rates and compared to the characteristics of the existing basins. It can be shown that the current operating sand basin with more than 90% grains in the range between 0.063 and 6.3 mm represents the best combination of infiltration and retention rates. In future experiments the performance of alternative grain size distributions as well as planting the top soil will be tested. Additionally, in order to optimize the additional groundwater recharge structures the composition of the subsurface water regarding its origin is statistically analyzed.

Stress Whitening in Polypropylene. I. Light Scattering Theory and Model Experiments

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1875-1887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Holoubek ◽  
Miroslav Raab
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Light Scattering ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Wavelength Dependence ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Surrounding Matrix ◽  
Embedded Particles ◽  
The One ◽  
Stress Whitening

Theoretical background for an optical method is presented which makes it possible to distinguish unambiguously between voids and particles as light scattering sites in polymeric materials. Typical dependences of turbidity as a function of diameter of scattering elements, their volume fractions and also turbidity curves as a function of the wavelength of the incident light were calculated, based both on the Lorenz-Mie theory and the fluctuation theory. Such dependences calculated for polypropylene-containing voids on the one hand and particles, differing only slightly from the surrounding matrix in their refractive index, on the other hand, are markedly different. The most significant results are: (i) Turbidity is at least by two orders of magnitude larger for voids in comparison to embedded particles of ethylene-propylene (EPDM) rubber of the same size, concentration and at the same wavelength. (ii) The wavelength dependence of turbidity for EPDM particles and the inherent refractive index fluctuations in the polypropylene matrix is much steeper as compared to voids for all considered diameters (0.1-10 μm). Thus, the nature of stress whitening in complex polymeric materials can be determined from turbidity measurements.

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