Design and Performance Validation of a Conductively Heated Sealed-Vessel Reactor for Organic Synthesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (23) ◽  
pp. 11788-11801 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Obermayer ◽  
Desiree Znidar ◽  
Gabriel Glotz ◽  
Alexander Stadler ◽  
Doris Dallinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Vessel Reactor ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Validation

Mill Steam Inerting System Review and Performance Validation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingsheng Lin ◽  
Todd Collins
Keyword(s):  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Tube Mill ◽  
Mill Operation ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
System Review ◽  
System Requirements ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Validation ◽  
Inerting System

NFPA 85, Chapter 9.5.4 states “A pulverizer that is tripped under load shall be inerted and maintained under an inert atmosphere until confirmation that no burning or smoldering fuel exists in the pulverizer or the fuel is removed”. Pulverizer systems with the potential for a resident inventory of combustible material upon trip must be designed and equipped with an inerting system that is capable of maintaining an inert atmosphere to meet this requirement. Proper design of the inerting system and operating procedure, integrated with the mill operation during start-up, shut down and emergency trip is critical for safe mill operation. This paper presents a mill steam inerting system review and performance validation. The technology has been applied to ball tube mill systems at Hoosier Energy’s Merom Generating Station. A testing technique, used to validate performance of the steam inerting system at this generating plant, is described. It quantifies the compliance of the steam inerting system to meet NFPA requirements during start-up and shut down of the pulverizer. This type of operation is considered to be the most difficult for inerting as the primary air is flowing through the system. The developed testing approach can be applied to evaluate the performance of either existing or newly installed steam inerting systems. The validation technology, developed based on a ball tube mill system, can be readily applied on other types of mill systems, since the steam inerting principle is the same and inerting system requirements are similar, regardless of different mill types.

A Highly Efficient Integrated Silicon-Microchannel Cooler for Multi-Module Electronic Microsystems-Model Design, Optimization and Performance Validation

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Jiejun Wang ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Qiuyan Li ◽  
Yiming Li ◽  
Chuangui Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Coolant Flow ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
High Heat Flux ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Validation

Abstract Recently, the development trend of multi-module and multi-function in electronic microsystems makes the ever-increasing heat flux problem more serious. In this study, a highly efficient integrated single-phase microchannel cooler with four heat sources is presented for handling the challenges from both working independently of all electronic modules and the high heat flux. Numerical and experimental study are both conducted. By optimizing the structural design and the fabricated process, the presented microchannel cooler has outstanding cooling performance, which contains desired fluid flow distribution, pressure drop, heat transfer and combination thereof. Results reveals uniform coolant flow dissipates four individual heaters independently, and their maximal temperature difference below 4 °C. Beyond this, high heat flux removal (707.6 W/cm2) is realized with extremely low coolant flow rate (45 ml/min), and the maximum temperature rise is less than 60 °C. This study provides a referable solution for the thermal management of multi-module heat source and high heat flux in compact electronic microsystems.

Identification and Clean-Up of Contaminants From Vaporized NGL CGT Fuel

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Newbound ◽  
J. W. Beckenbach ◽  
H. M. Al-Mutawa
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Heavy Hydrocarbons ◽  
Fuel Delivery ◽  
Process Simulations ◽  
Fuel Nozzle ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Validation

This paper describes an analytical approach used to identify heavy natural gas liquid (NGL) fuel components and fuel conditioning solutions employed to prevent fouling of the vaporized fuel delivery systems. The discussion includes high pressure vaporized fuel sampling, isolation of C7+ and C14+ hydrocarbon fractions from NGL, and performance validation of fuel processing apparatus. Saudi Aramco operates more than 80 aeroderivative gas turbines (CGT’s), from four manufacturers, to drive crude oil pumps and generate electrical power on the East-West Pipeline that traverses the Arabian Peninsula. Since the pipeline was first commissioned in 1980, the CGT’s have been operated primarily on vaporized C2+ NGL. Although the properties of this C2+ NGL (such as density and heating value) are nearly identical to propane, its use as CGT fuel has presented challenges. Fuel system fouling resulted from the presence of heavy hydrocarbons including residual surface-active compounds derived primarily from corrosion inhibitors and intermittent crude oil carryover. This fouling consisted of hard, epoxy-like deposits coating all manifolds and fuel nozzle passages downstream of the vaporizers. The entire fleet suffered from increased operating and maintenance costs and reduced reliability from plugging of last-chance filters to blocked fuel nozzles. This led to temperature spreads in combustors and hot component damage. High temperature rated coalescing filters were applied successfully in three vaporized NGL fuel system configurations. One fuel system configuration that required even more stringent fuel conditioning was modified to reject approximately 15 percent (heavy ends fraction) of the NGL. Performance tests were conducted to measure the extent to which heavy ends were reduced in the modified fuel vaporizers. Analytical methods were developed to identify and measure heavy hydrocarbons at ppm concentrations. The actual fuel compositions determined analytically agreed with compositions predicted from process simulations.

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