Influence of High Total Dissolved Solids Concentration and Ionic Composition on γ Spectroscopy Radium Measurements of Oil and Gas-Produced Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (17) ◽  
pp. 10295-10302
Author(s):  
Moses A. Ajemigbitse ◽  
Travis L. Tasker ◽  
Fred S. Cannon ◽  
Nathaniel R. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Solids Concentration

Optimization of Apparent Peak Viscosity in Carboxymethyl Cellulose Fracturing Fluid: Interactions of High Total Dissolved Solids, pH Value, and Crosslinker Concentration

SPE Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 615-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Pica ◽  
C.. Terry ◽  
K.. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Service Companies ◽  
Polymer Loading ◽  
Crosslinker Concentration ◽  
Reducing Costs

Summary It has been common practice to use a freshwater source (either ground water or surface water) as the base fluid for hydraulic fracturing with crosslinked-gel fluids. Currently, oil and gas operators are beginning to reuse and recycle the main byproduct of oil extraction, which is produced water. However, because of the high variability of produced-water quality (temporal and spatial), and the high content of total dissolved solids (TDS), the viscosity targets for the fluid can be difficult to achieve. The research described in this paper examines the sensitivity of higher-salinity waters to several variables related to the gel-formation process. The polymer used for the gel fluid was a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) derivative, and zirconium (Zr) was used as the crosslinking metal. Rheology experiments were conducted at different pH values, polymer loading, and crosslinker concentrations. The outcome of this research is presented in 3D contour-peak-viscosity maps that can be used by oil and gas operators and service companies to optimize the chemicals that are applied, thus reducing costs.

DETERMINING SOURCES OF BARIUM AND OTHER DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCED WATER USING STABLE BARIUM ISOTOPES

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian W. Stewart ◽  
◽  
Zachary G. Tieman ◽  
Rosemary C. Capo ◽  
Rebecca M. Matecha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Dissolved Solids

Faunal assemblages of some saline lakes near Marchagee, Western Australia

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Halse
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Saline Lakes ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Faunal Assemblages ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Eastern Australia

Five saline lakes near Marchagee. with salinities ranging from 10-71‰, were sampled every two months between March and September 1979. The lakes contained faunal assemblages of 6-13 invertebrate species; only two species were common to all lakes. Fish (Pseudogobius olorum) were found in one salt lake. Austrochiltonia subtenuis was recorded at a salinity of 71‰ twice the salinity it was previously thought to tolerate. Pseudogobius olorum was collected at a salinity of 55‰ and is the second species of fish to be collected from highly saline Australian lakes. Mytilocypris mytiloides was collected at a total dissolved solids concentration of 45‰ a much higher level of salinity than it tolerates in eastern Australia. Necterosoma pensillatus was found at a salinity of 10.5‰ the lowest yet recorded for the species.

Pinch Technology Approach to Freshwater and Wastewater Minimisation in Brewing Operations

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 102-114
Author(s):  
Oludare Johnson Odejobi ◽  
Emmanuel Oluwasanmi Oyeleke ◽  
Funso Alaba Akeredolu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Cascade Analysis ◽  
Pinch Technology ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand Concentration

The rise in the cost of production of beer due to increasing demand for freshwater and high cost of treating wastewater, motivate research interests in resource management in beer production. This study determines and reduces the concentration of the contaminants in the wastewater samples collected from a brewery in Nigeria, to reduce freshwater demand and to save the cost of operation through wastewater reuse using pinch technology. The wastewater samples were analysed for the concentration of Chemical Oxygen Demand using standard procedures. The Total Dissolved Solids were measured using pH-EC-TDS metre. Water Cascade Analysis was used to evaluate the minimum freshwater demand and wastewater generated to design the maximum wastewater recovery network for minimum freshwater demand in the process. The results showed that for 41.54 t/hr of both the freshwater and wastewater used in the brewery operations, the Chemical Oxygen Demand concentration ranged between 0 – 74,775 ppm and the Total Dissolved Solids concentration ranged from 0 – 2,008 ppm. However, with the application of Water Cascade Analysis, the freshwater and wastewater flow rates reduced to 19.88 t/hr based on Chemical Oxygen Demand concentration and 21.54 t/hr based on Total Dissolved Solids concentration. The freshwater saving per annum based on the concentrations of Chemical Oxygen Demand and Total Dissolved Solids were ₦346,560,000:00 ($962,666.67) and ₦319,840,000:00 ($888,444.44), respectively. The study concluded that the application of Pinch Technology to brewery operation is viable because of its capacity to reduce freshwater demand and wastewater generation.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Water–Rock Interactions of Coalbed-Produced Water Derived from the Dafosi Biogenic Gas Field in the Southern Margin of Ordos Basin, China

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yuan Bao ◽  
Chao An ◽  
Chaoyong Wang ◽  
Chen Guo ◽  
Wenbo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Produced Water ◽  
Ordos Basin ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Biogenic Gas ◽  
Coal Organic Matter

The hydrogeochemical characteristics of coalbed-produced water can provide insights into the sources of ions and water, the groundwater environments, hydrodynamic conditions, and water-rock interactions of depositional basins. To study the water-rock reaction process and reveal whether there is a microbial activity in the groundwater, a case of the Dafosi biogenic gas field was chosen by testing the ionic concentrations and hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of coalbed-produced water and employing R-type cluster and principal component analyses. The results showed that Na+, Cl − , and HCO3- are the principal ions in the coalbed-produced water, while the water type is mainly a Na–Cl. Due to the hydrolysis of HCO3-, the pH in this region was controlled primarily by HCO3-. As the main cation in water, Na+ contributed substantially to the total dissolved solids. Na+ is also related to the exchange between rock-bound Na+ and Ca2+ and Mg2+ in water or surrounding rocks. The coalbed-produced water’s oxygen isotopes displayed a characteristic 18O drift and enrichment, indicating that the 16O isotope in the water was preferentially exchanged with the coal organic matter. Early evaporation is also contributed to the enrichment of TDS (total dissolved solids) and 18O in the water. The central part of the study area, including the Qijia anticline, was affected by the Yanshanian uplift and denudation and subsequently developed a water-conducting fissure zone and was recharged atmospheric precipitation; these conditions were conducive to the formation of secondary biogenic gas.

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