Gas Chromatography. Effect of Sample Size on Height of Equivalent Theoretical Plate and Retention Volume

1959 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1211-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Bethea ◽  
Morton. Smutz
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Retention Volume ◽  
Theoretical Plate

scholarly journals Practical Determination of the Solubility Parameters of 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide ([CnC1im]Br, n = 5, 6, 7, 8) Ionic Liquids by Inverse Gas Chromatography and the Hansen Solubility Parameter

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiao-Na Zhu ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Yan-Biao Hu ◽  
Xawkat Abliz
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Solubility Parameter ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Inverse Gas Chromatography ◽  
Retention Volume ◽  
Solubility Parameters ◽  
Hansen Solubility Parameter ◽  
Hansen Solubility

The physicochemical properties of four 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([CnC1im]Br, n = 5, 6, 7, 8) ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated in this work by using inverse gas chromatography (IGC) from 303.15 K to 343.15 K. Twenty-eight organic solvents were used to obtain the physicochemical properties between each IL and solvent via the IGC method, including the specific retention volume and the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter. The Hildebrand solubility parameters of the four [CnC1im]Br ILs were determined by linear extrapolation to be δ 2 ( [ C 5 C 1 im ] Br ) = 25.78 (J·cm−3)0.5, δ 2 ( [ C 6 C 1 im ] Br ) = 25.38 (J·cm−3)0.5, δ 2 ( [ C 7 C 1 im ] Br ) =24.78 (J·cm−3)0.5 and δ 2 ( [ C 8 C 1 im ] Br ) = 24.23 (J·cm−3)0.5 at room temperature (298.15 K). At the same time, the Hansen solubility parameters of the four [CnC1im]Br ILs were simulated by using the Hansen Solubility Parameter in Practice (HSPiP) at room temperature (298.15 K). The results were as follows: δ t ( [ C 5 C 1 im ] Br ) = 25.86 (J·cm−3)0.5, δ t ( [ C 6 C 1 im ] Br ) = 25.39 (J·cm−3)0.5, δ t ( [ C 7 C 1 im ] Br ) = 24.81 (J·cm−3)0.5 and δ t ( [ C 8 C 1 im ] Br ) = 24.33 (J·cm−3)0.5. These values were slightly higher than those obtained by the IGC method, but they only exhibited small errors, covering a range of 0.01 to 0.1 (J·cm−3)0.5. In addition, the miscibility between the IL and the probe was evaluated by IGC, and it exhibited a basic agreement with the HSPiP. This study confirms that the combination of the two methods can accurately calculate solubility parameters and select solvents.

Inverse gas chromatography. 3. Dependence of retention volume on the amount of probe injected

1985 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 2196-2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Munk ◽  
Zeki Y. Al-Saigh ◽  
Timothy W. Card
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Inverse Gas Chromatography ◽  
Retention Volume

Surface and kinetic effects in gas chromatographic studies of polystyrene

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (22) ◽  
pp. 3496-3507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Courval ◽  
Derek G. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Retention Volume ◽  
Rate Dependence ◽  
Retention Data ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Linear Absorption ◽  
Solvent Interactions ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Polymer Solvent

Considerable variation in the measurement of polymer–solvent interactions using gc retention data may occur due to kinetic factors, surface excess concentrations of probe vapour, and non-linear partition isotherms. The kinetic factors, which appear as a flow rate dependence of the retention volume, are analysed in terms of a previously reported theoretical model for retention on polymeric stationary phases passing through the glass transition. The predicted linear extrapolations to zero flow rate are obtained for the retention of n-tetradecane on polystyrene. The variation of this flow rate dependence with temperature and with the thickness of the stationary phase are also in qualitative agreement with the theory. A simplified model for the effect of loading on the retention diagram is presented. Non-linear absorption and bulk sorption isotherms result in a dependence of retention volume on sample size, necessitating an extrapolation of the measured retention volumes to zero peak height. The temperature variation of the flow rate dependence, the effect of loading, and the effect of sample size on retention volume are all further complicated by uneven distribution of polymer on support. From scanning electron micrographs of the beads it is evident that 'beading up' of the polystyrene on the glass surface may occur at low loadings, resulting in a non-uniform coating with large areas of the beads uncoated. It is concluded that in order to obtain reliable data on polymer–solvent interactions using gas chromatography, all of the above-mentioned factors must be considered.

Part B. Retention parameters in gas chromatograpy

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 969-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio García Domínguez ◽  
José Carlos Díez-Masa
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Retention Volume ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Specific Retention Volume ◽  
System A ◽  
Chromatographic Process ◽  
Specific Retention ◽  
Chromatographic Phase ◽  
Retention Parameters

The paper presents a revision of terms in the IUPAC "Nomenclature for Chromatography", Pure and Applied Chemistry, 65, 819-872, 1993. The terms revised pertain to hold-up volumes in gas, liquid, and supercritical-fluid chromatography, as well as to basic retention parameters, especially in gas chromatography. A number of related and derived definitions are described, including definitions of the terms "chromatographic process" and "chromatographic phase system". A number of the original terms were found to be misleading or superfluous, including such terms as corrected retention time, net retention time, total retention volume (time), and specific retention volume at 0 °C, and their use is strongly discouraged In Part A, the concept of the hold-up volume in chromatography is discussed. The paper also compares methods described in the literature to determine the hold-up volume. In Part B, retention parameters in gas chromatography are discussed with the aim of (i) emphasizing the physical meaning of the terms and (ii) specifying the temperatures and pressures for the terms for gas volumes and flow rates. The appendix presents revised recommendations for the terminology of some items, as well as those that are not recommended.

Quantitative Aspects of Isothermal and Programmed Temperature Gas Chromatography of Fatty Acid Esters and a Practical Lower Limit of Detection

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1214-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L Iverson
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Retention Volume ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Detector Response ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Retention Volumes ◽  
Chromatographic Peaks

Abstract This study was initiated to define the importance of temperature and retention volume in quantitative gas chromatography with thermal conductivity detectors (TCD) and flame ionization detectors (FID). Optimum temperature and optimum retention volume increase with molecular weight for the C12 to C28 saturated esters. It is demonstrated that relatively large amounts of very long chain methyl esters would be undetected by present optimum isothermal methods for the usual fatty acids reported. The shape of gas chromatographic peaks is correlated with the linear range of detector response as a basis for a limit of detection. The limit of detection varies logarithmically with molecular weight in isothermal analysis. However, by using optimum programmed temperature gas chromatographic (PTGC) techniques, the limit of detection increases slowly with molecular weight and increased retention volumes.

Retention volume in high-pressure gas chromatography

1977 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wičar ◽  
J. Novák ◽  
J. Drozd ◽  
J. Janák
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Retention Volume
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