scholarly journals Effect of crop canopy and herbicide application on kochia (Bassia scoparia) density and seed production

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-284
Author(s):  
Elizabeth G. Mosqueda ◽  
Charlemagne A. Lim ◽  
Gustavo M. Sbatella ◽  
Prashant Jha ◽  
Nevin C. Lawrence ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Germinable Seed

AbstractUnderstanding the effects of crop management practices on weed survival and seed production is imperative in improving long-term weed management strategies, especially for herbicide-resistant weed populations. Kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] is an economically important weed in western North American cropping systems for many reasons, including prolific seed production and evolved resistance to numerous herbicide sites of action. Field studies were conducted in 2014 in a total of four field sites in Wyoming, Montana, and Nebraska to quantify the impact of different crop canopies and herbicide applications on B. scoparia density and seed production. Crops used in this study were spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), and corn (Zea mays L.). Herbicide treatments included either acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors effective on non-resistant B. scoparia or a non–ALS inhibiting herbicide effective for both ALS-resistant and ALS-susceptible B. scoparia. Bassia scoparia density midseason was affected more by herbicide choice than by crop canopy, whereas B. scoparia seed production per plant was affected more by crop canopy compared with herbicide treatment. Our results suggest that crop canopy and herbicide treatments were both influential on B. scoparia seed production per unit area, which is likely a key indicator of long-term management success for this annual weed species. The lowest germinable seed production per unit area was observed in spring wheat treated with non–ALS inhibiting herbicides, and the greatest germinable seed production was observed in sugar beet treated with ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The combined effects of crop canopy and herbicide treatment can minimize B. scoparia establishment and seed production.

Weed Seedling Emergence and Survival as Affected by Crop Canopy

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 736-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy L. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Seedling Emergence And Survival ◽  
Weed Dynamics

This study measured impact of cool-season crops on seedling emergence, survival, and seed production of weeds common in corn and soybean. Weed dynamics were monitored in permanently marked quadrats in winter wheat, spring wheat, and canola. Three species, green foxtail, yellow foxtail, and common lambsquarters, comprised more than 80% of the weeds observed in the study. Seedling emergence was reduced by winter wheat, but not by spring wheat or canola, when compared with adjacent quadrats without a crop canopy. Approximately 10% of seedlings in spring wheat and canola developed into seed-bearing plants, but no seed-bearing plants were present in winter wheat at harvest. Common lambsquarters produced more than 1,100 seeds/plant, whereas a foxtail plant produced 85 seeds, averaged across spring wheat and canola. At harvest, new seedlings were present in all crops; thus, control after harvest will be required to prevent seed production in the fall. Winter wheat may provide an opportunity to disrupt population dynamics of weeds common in corn and soybean without requiring herbicides.

scholarly journals Effect of EPSPS Gene Copy Number and Glyphosate Selection on Fitness of Glyphosate-Resistant Bassia Scoparia in The Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlemagne Ajoc Lim ◽  
Prashant Jha ◽  
Vipan Kumar ◽  
Alan T. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Gene Copy Number ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Epsps Gene ◽  
Gene Copies

Abstract The widespread evolution of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Bassia scoparia in the U.S. Great Plains poses a serious threat to the long-term sustainability of GR sugar beet. Glyphosate resistance in B. scoparia is due to an increase in the EPSPS (5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate) gene copy number. The variation in EPSPS gene copies among individuals from within a single GR B. scoparia population indicated a differential response to glyphosate selection. We tested the hypothesis of reduced GR B. scoparia fitness (reproductive traits) to increasing glyphosate rates (applied as single or sequential applications) potentially experienced within a GR sugar beet field. The variation in EPSPS gene copy number and total glyphosate rate (single or sequential applications) did not influence any of the reproductive traits of GR B. scoparia, except seed production. Sequential applications of glyphosate with a total rate of 2,214 g ae ha− 1 or higher prevented seed production in B. scoparia plants with 2–4 (low levels of resistance) and 5–6 (moderate levels of resistance) EPSPS gene copies. Timely sequential applications of glyphosate (full recommended rates) can potentially slow down the evolution of GR B. scoparia with low to moderate levels of resistance (2–6 EPSPS gene copies), but any survivors (highly-resistant individuals with ≥ 8 EPSPS gene copies) need to be mechanically removed before flowering from GR sugar beet fields. This research warrants the need to adopt ecologically based, multi-tactic strategies to reduce exposure of B. scoparia to glyphosate in GR sugar beet.

scholarly journals Effect of Herbicide Treatment on Leafy Spurge Gall Midge (Spurgia esulae) Population

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney G. Lym ◽  
Robert B. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Wooded Area

The Spurgia esulae gall midge was introduced in North Dakota in 1986 as a biocontrol agent for leafy spurge. Spurgia esulae causes stem tip galls thereby decreasing seed production and it has been most successful near wooded areas. However, a second control method is needed to reduce the leafy spurge infestation and prevent spread from roots. Imazethapyr, 2,4-D, or picloram application did reduce the number of S. esulae galls but not the number of larvae per gall. Long-term S. esulae population was not affected by herbicide application. The integration of herbicides with S. esulae would prevent leaf spurge spread from a wooded area and would reduce seed production within an area where herbicides generally cannot be used.

scholarly journals Experience with minimum tillage and nitrogen fertilization.

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-276
Author(s):  
L.J.P. Kupers ◽  
J. Ellen
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Limited Size ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Long Term Experiments

In long-term experiments with spring wheat, potatoes and sugar beet on ploughed or unploughed river clay soil, yield differences and differences in response to fertilizers were tentatively explained in terms of the limited size and activity of the root systems in the unploughed plots. CCT. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals The after-effect of long-term reduced tillage systems on the biodiversity of weeds in spring crops

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Woźniak ◽  
Małgorzata Haliniarz
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Dough Stage

A strictly controlled field experiment on traditional and reduced tillage systems as well as herbicide treatment was conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Station of Uhrusk in the years 2007-2011. In the last year of the experiment, the effect of different tillage systems on the level of weed infestation and biodiversity of weeds was determined in all the plots for the crop of common spring wheat <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L., spring durum wheat <i>Triticum durum</i> Desf., and oat <i>Avena sativa</i> L. at two growth stages: tillering (23/24 on BBCH scale) and dough stage (83/85). A higher number and higher air-dry weight of weeds were determined at tillering than at the dough stage. Long-term reduced tillage increased the number of weeds per 1m<sup>2</sup> at the tillering stage, contrary to herbicide treatment. At the dough stage, a higher number of weeds was observed in the herbicide treatment and reduced tillage plots compared to traditional tillage. The air-dry weight of weeds at the tillering and dough stages of cereals was significantly higher in the case of herbicide treatment than under the traditional and reduced tillage systems. Weed communities in spring wheat, durum wheat and oat included mostly annual weeds. A higher number of weed species was determined in the plot with long-term herbicide treatment than in the plots with reduced and traditional tillage systems.

Compétition entre la spargoute des champs (Spergula arvensis) et la sétaire glauque (Setaria glauca). II. Production de graines

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1858-1863
Author(s):  
C. Lemieux ◽  
J. M. Deschênes ◽  
P. Morisset
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Setaria Glauca ◽  
Mixed Populations ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Number Of Seeds ◽  
Slight Advantage

Seed production of corn spurry (Spergula arvensis L.) and yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.) was studied in various situations of competition. Intraspecific competition affected both species in the same way; each plant produced fewer seeds when the density was increased. In such situations, the overall seed production (seeds per square metre) also increased. However, seed production of yellow foxtail (seeds per square metre) reached a plateau. Interspecific competition affected seed production of corn spurry and yellow foxtail in different ways. Firstly, for corn spurry, the number of seeds produced per plant increased with interspecific pressure while for yellow foxtail it decreased. Secondly, the total number of seeds produced per unit area is larger for corn spurry than for yellow foxtail. This suggests that corn spurry may dominate mixed populations. However, at high density, yellow foxtail seed production per unit area seems to suffer less from interspecific pressure than does corn spurry. At this level, yellow foxtail obtain a slight advantage. However, conclusion on long-term changes of the populations cannot be drawn without a study of viable seeds.

scholarly journals Effect of PPO-Inhibiting Herbicides on the Growth and Sex Ratio of a Dioecious Weed Species Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer Amaranth)

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mafia M. Rumpa ◽  
Ronald F. Krausz ◽  
David J. Gibson ◽  
Karla L. Gage
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Sites Of Action

Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson (Palmer amaranth) is a fast-growing, dioecious, highly competitive agricultural weed species, which is spreading across the US Midwest. Population sex ratios are an important consideration in the management of A. palmeri populations as this species has become resistant to several herbicide sites of action, and there is need to minimize seed production by female plants. Environmental conditions, particularly stressors, may influence sex ratios, and herbicides act as major stressors and evolutionary filters in agricultural fields. Amaranthus spp. have shown a tendency for rapid evolution of herbicide resistance, with the frequency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibitor resistance increasing across the Midwestern US. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of two PPO-inhibiting herbicide treatments of either lactofen or fomesafen on four different Illinois populations (Cahokia, Collinsville, Rend Lake, and Massac). Plants raised from seed from the Massac population were tallest, and both males and females from this population also had the highest vegetative biomass. Female plants from the Collinsville population had more reproductive biomass than male plants. Control populations were male-biased (Cahokia, Collinsville), female-biased (Masaac), and 1:1 (Rend Lake). Lactofen shifted the male-biased populations to female-biased or 1:1 and the female-biased population to 1:1. Fomesafen-treated populations were male-biased or 1:1. This study suggests that PPO-inhibiting herbicide treatments may influence the growth and sex ratio of A. palmeri populations, which is an underlying factor in the rate of herbicide evolution in this species. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms of how external factors influence sex ratios may eventually provide an opportunity to reduce seed production in populations by shifting sex ratios towards a male bias.

scholarly journals The dry nitrogen yields nitrogen uptake, and the efficacy on nitrogen fertilisation in long-term experiment in Prague

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kubát ◽  
J. Klír ◽  
D. Pova
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Term Field

Long-term field experiments conducted under different soil and climate conditions and their databases provide invaluable information and are indispensable means in the study of the productivity and sustainability of the soil management systems. We evaluated the results of the dry matter yields of the main products obtained with four variants of organic and mineral fertilisation in three long-term field experiments established in 1955. The experiments differed in the cultivated crops. The period of evaluation was 12 and 16 years (1985&ndash;2000), respectively. The productivity of nine-year crop rotation was lower with the fertilised variants than that with the alternative growing of spring wheat and sugar beets. The dry matter yields on the Nil variants, however, were higher in the crop rotation than in the alternate sugar beet and spring wheat growing, apparently due to the symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The dry matter yields of sugar beet and mainly of spring wheat declined in almost all variants of fertilisation in the alternate sugar beet and spring wheat growing, over the evaluated time period. In spite of the relatively high dry matter production, the declining yields indicated a lower sustainability of the alternate cropping system. Both organic and mineral fertilisation increased the production of the cultivated crops. The differences in the average dry matter yields were statistically significant. Both organic and mineral fertilisation enhanced significantly the N-uptake by the cultivated crops. The effectivity of nitrogen input was the highest with the alternate cropping of sugar beet and spring wheat indicating that it was more demanding for the external N-input and thus less sustainable than nine-year crop rotation.

scholarly journals Effect of EPSPS gene copy number and glyphosate selection on fitness of glyphosate-resistant Bassia scoparia in the field

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlemagne Ajoc Lim ◽  
Prashant Jha ◽  
Vipan Kumar ◽  
Alan T. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Gene Copy Number ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Epsps Gene ◽  
Gene Copies

AbstractThe widespread evolution of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Bassia scoparia in the U.S. Great Plains poses a serious threat to the long-term sustainability of GR sugar beet. Glyphosate resistance in B. scoparia is due to an increase in the EPSPS (5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate) gene copy number. The variation in EPSPS gene copies among individuals from within a single GR B. scoparia population indicated a differential response to glyphosate selection. With the continued use of glyphosate in GR sugar beet, the effect of increasing glyphosate rates (applied as single or sequential applications) on the fitness of GR B. scoparia individuals with variable EPSPS gene copies was tested under field conditions. The variation in EPSPS gene copy number and total glyphosate rate (single or sequential applications) did not influence any of the reproductive traits of GR B. scoparia, except seed production. Sequential applications of glyphosate with a total rate of 2214 g ae ha−1 or higher prevented seed production in B. scoparia plants with 2–4 (low levels of resistance) and 5–6 (moderate levels of resistance) EPSPS gene copies. Timely sequential applications of glyphosate (full recommended rates) can potentially slow down the evolution of GR B. scoparia with low to moderate levels of resistance (2–6 EPSPS gene copies), but any survivors (highly-resistant individuals with ≥ 8 EPSPS gene copies) need to be mechanically removed before flowering from GR sugar beet fields. This research warrants the need to adopt ecologically based, multi-tactic strategies to reduce exposure of B. scoparia to glyphosate in GR sugar beet.

Efficacy of Mechanical Cultivation with and without Herbicides in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea), Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and Sweet Corn (Zea mays)

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jed B. Colquhoun ◽  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Jonathan J. Kirkwyland
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Bean Yield

Five cultivation implements (two flex-tine cultivators, brush hoe, and rolling and shovel cultivators) were evaluated for weed control and effect on broccoli, snap bean, and sweet corn yield. Each implement was used alone or in combination with flex-tine cultivators. Standard broadcast herbicide treatments were: broccoli, metolachlor at 2.3 kg ai/ha posttransplant; snap bean, metolachlor preemergence (PRE) at 2.3 kg ai/ha followed by fomesafen postemergence (POST) at 0.4 kg ai/ha; sweet corn, atrazine at 1.1 kg ai/ha plus metolachlor at 2.3 kg ai/ha PRE. In the snap bean trials, an additional treatment consisted of metolachlor at 2.3 kg ai/ha PRE applied in a 25-cm band over the crop row followed by fomesafen POST at 0.4 kg ai/ha directed at the crop row, with a subsequent shovel cultivation. In the sweet corn trials, all cultivation treatments received an application of atrazine at 1.1 kg ai/ha plus metolachlor at 2.3 kg ai/ha PRE in a 25-cm band over the crop row. In broccoli, weed control and yields with all cultivation treatments were comparable to those with broadcast herbicide. In snap bean, flex-tine cultivators failed to control weeds and prevent yield reductions compared to the broadcast herbicide treatment. When either the brush hoe or the shovel cultivator was preceded by flex-tine cultivation, weed control and snap bean yield were comparable to those with broadcast herbicides. Banded herbicides followed by shovel cultivation also controlled weeds and prevented yield reductions. In sweet corn, banded herbicides controlled in-row weeds, and despite variable between-row weed control, all cultivation treatments yielded as well as the broadcast herbicide treatment. Relative performance of the cultivators was influenced by soil type and rainfall as well as crop canopy characteristics.

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