Effect of varied soil moisture regimes on the growth and reproduction of two Australian biotypes of junglerice (Echinochloa colona)

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (05) ◽  
pp. 552-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulshan Mahajan ◽  
Navneet Kaur Mutti ◽  
Michael Walsh ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Unpredictable Environment ◽  
Biotype B ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Water Holding

AbstractJunglerice [Echinochloa colona (L.) Link] is a problematic weed in the northern grain region of Australia. Two pot experiments (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2) were conducted in a screen house to evaluate the growth and reproductive behavior of two biotypes (A, collected from a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)–fallow; B, collected from a fence near a water channel) of E. colona in response to water stress (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% water holding capacity [WHC]). Averaged across both biotypes, the plant height, biomass, and seed production of E. colona were reduced at 25% WHC compared with 100% WHC. However, E. colona still produced a considerable amount of seeds at 25% WHC (at least 365 seeds plant−1). Biotype A produced more seeds in the second experiment, while biotype B produced more seeds in the first experiment. In Experiment 2, at 100% WHC, biotype A produced more seeds (17,618 seeds plant−1) than biotype B (4,378 seeds plant−1), and similar observations were noticed for root biomass. Growth and seed production of E. colona at all moisture levels and environmental conditions ensure survival in an unpredictable environment and contribute to the weedy nature of this species. Results indicate that biotype A is more invasive than biotype B under favorable environmental conditions (100% WHC). This study suggests an enhanced competitive ability of some biotypes of E. colona in response to a range of environmental and soil moisture conditions in Australia. Under favorable environmental conditions, biotype A could be more problematic, as it has higher seed production than biotype B. Therefore, it is important to implement sustainable weed control methods for such biotypes in the early stages of crop growth to prevent loss of stored moisture.

Endogenous jasmonates in dry and imbibed sunflower seeds from plants grown at different soil moisture contents

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Vigliocco ◽  
Sergio Alemano ◽  
Otto Miersch ◽  
Daniel Alvarez ◽  
Guillermina Abdala
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Seed Progeny ◽  
Hormonal Content ◽  
Tolerant Line ◽  
Sensitive Line ◽  
Moisture Conditions

AbstractIn this study, we characterized two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines with differential sensitivity to drought, the sensitive line B59 and the tolerant line B71. Using both lines, we compared the content of endogenous jasmonates (JAs) in dry and imbibed seeds from plants grown under irrigation and drought. Jasmonic acid (JA), 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), 11-hydroxyjasmonate (11-OH-JA) and 12-hydroxyjasmonate (12-OH-JA) were detected in dry and imbibed sunflower seeds. Seeds from plants grown under drought had a lower content of total JAs and exhibited higher germination percentages than seeds from irrigated plants, demonstrating that environmental conditions have a strong influence on the progeny. OPDA and 12-OH-JA were the main compounds found in dry seeds of both lines. Imbibed seeds showed an enhanced amount of total JAs with respect to dry seeds produced by plants grown in both soil moisture conditions. Imbibition triggered a dramatic OPDA increase in the embryo, suggesting a role of this compound in germination. We conclude that JAs patterns vary during sunflower germination and that the environmental conditions experienced by the mother plant modify the hormonal content of the seed progeny.

Soil moisture conditions affect the sensitivity ofBromus catharticusdormant seeds to light and the emergence pattern of seedlings

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico P.O. Mollard ◽  
Pedro Insausti
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Emergence Pattern ◽  
Light Pulses ◽  
Soil Moisture Regime ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Moisture Conditions

AbstractThe soil moisture regime may affect dormancy of seeds and their sensitivity to signals that promote germination. We studied the effect of moisture regime on the sensitivity to light of dormantBromus catharticusseeds, and on the emergence pattern of seedlings. Seeds were incubated under continuously hydrated, continuously dehydrated, or fluctuating moisture regimes in a controlled environment (25°C, darkness) for 2 months. After moisture treatments, seeds were exposed to red or far-red light pulses, or to darkness, to determine germinability. In addition, grassland mesocosms with intact seed bank and vegetation were irrigated or subjected to a drought regime in a glasshouse at summer temperatures. After 2 months, the temperature was reduced to correspond to grassland temperatures in autumn; the canopy was removed and half of the mesocosms were covered with filters that exclude red light. Density ofB. catharticusseedlings was evaluated after 2 weeks. Dormancy decreased in continuously hydrated seeds but they still required red light for germination. In contrast, an important fraction of seeds that experienced continuously dehydrated or fluctuating moisture regimes germinated in darkness or after far-red light pulses. In the mesocosms that had experienced a soil drought, a higher density of seedlings emerged in the absence of red light than in the daily irrigated mesocosms. This indicates that a fraction ofB. catharticusseeds acquired the capability to germinate under the canopy, especially in the drought moisture regime. Results indicate that the soil moisture environment experienced during dormancy affects the sensitivity to light ofB. catharticusseeds, as well as the emergence pattern of seedlings.

Soybean (Glycine max) Response to AC 263,222 and Chlorimuron as Influenced by Soil Moisture

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry J. Newsom ◽  
David R. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Ac 263,222 ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Field experiments conducted in 1992 and 1993 evaluated differential response of 20 soybean cultivars to POST application of AC 263,222 or chlorimuron, as influenced by soil moisture. Natural rainfall was supplemented with overhead sprinkler irrigation to achieve three moisture regimes: excessive (12.5 cm/wk), optimum (5 cm/wk), and low (non-irrigated). Chlorimuron and AC 263,222 injured soybean. Excessive moisture did not increase soybean injury with chlorimuron for any of the cultivars tested compared to optimum moisture; however, 17 of 20 cultivars were injured more by AC 263,222 in combination with excessive moisture than optimum moisture. AC 263,222 reduced the height of five cultivars. Photosynthetic rate of several cultivars was reduced by both AC 263,222 and chlorimuron. Neither herbicide affected the number of nodes per main stem or seed weight; however, pod numbers were reduced for several cultivars with both herbicides. In the low moisture regime, AC 263,222 delayed the maturity of 18 of 20 cultivars with ‘Hutcheson’ maturity delayed 7.1 d. Excessive moisture when combined with AC 263,222 reduced yields for 12 cultivars, compared to five cultivars with chlorimuron. Under optimum moisture conditions, AC 263,222 reduced the yield of 10 cultivars, whereas chlorimuron reduced the yield of 9 cultivars. Low moisture stress only resulted in a yield reduction with 3 cultivars treated with AC 263,222.

Responses of Lucerne to Different Soil Moisture Regimes

1967 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Landsberg
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Sampling Programme ◽  
Daily Evaporation ◽  
Moisture Conditions

SummaryAn experiment in which irrigation intervals for lucerne were dictated by four factors applied to daily evaporation from a Class A pan has been reported by Landsberg (1966). This paper discusses data from a number of subsidiary measurements made during that experiment. An extensive soil sampling programme yielded data on the effects of treatments on soil moisture content, and plant height and per cent ground cover measurements enabled detailed evaluations to be made of crop responses. Both height and ground cover were decreased by soil moisture stress. Relative turgidity was closely related to soil moisture content in the early morning, dry treatments showing more rapid recovery of turgor than those where water was kept at more adequate levels. Radiation utilization by the crop was affected by soil moisture conditions, and also apparently by temperature.

Effect of soil moisture regimes on the growth and fecundity of slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Asad M. Khan ◽  
Ahmadreza Mobli ◽  
Jeff A Werth ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Moisture Regimes

Abstract Slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) are increasingly problematic weeds of summer crops in Australia. Water is considered the most limiting factor in an agroecosystem, and water stress adversely impacts the growth and reproduction of plant species. The primary objective of this study was to determine the growth and fecundity of two Australian biotypes (Goondiwindi and Gatton) of A. viridis and A. retroflexus under water-stress conditions. Four water-stress treatments (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% field capacity [FC]) at a 4-d irrigation interval were chosen. No difference was observed for growth and seed production between the two biotypes of both species when grown under varying soil moisture regimes. At 100% FC, A. viridis produced 44 g plant−1 aboveground biomass and 1,740 seeds plant−1. The maximum growth (46 g plant−1) and seed production (3,070 seeds plant−1) of A. retroflexus were observed at 100% FC. The growth and seed production of both species were reduced with increased water-stress levels. Both weeds responded to water stress by decreasing the shoot:root biomass ratio. However, A. viridis (290 seeds plant−1) and A. retroflexus (370 seeds plant−1) were able to produce a significant number of seeds per plant even at 25% FC. Results suggest that both weeds will produce seeds under water-limiting conditions. Therefore, management strategies are required to minimize the growth and survival of weeds in water-deficit conditions.

Growth and Reproduction of Junglerice (Echinochloa colona) in Response to Water Stress

Weed Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
David E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Stressed Condition ◽  
Unpredictable Environment ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Junglerice is one of the most serious grass weeds of rice in the tropics. Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate growth and reproduction of junglerice in response to water stress. Plant height, biomass, and seed production of junglerice grown alone were reduced with increasing water stress. However, most stressed plants (irrigated at 12.5% of field capacity) still produced considerable biomass (8.5 g plant−1) and seeds (>1,600 seeds plant−1). When junglerice and rice were grown together under water-stressed condition, junglerice was taller than rice. The junglerice-to-rice biomass ratio also increased from 4.7 at 100% of field capacity to 7.6 at 12.5% of field capacity, indicating the greater junglerice vigor in water-stress conditions. In another study, the influence of the duration of water stress at intervals between 3 and 15 d on growth and seed production of junglerice was evaluated. Plant height, biomass, and seed production decreased with increasing water-stress duration. However, the weed produced an average of 400 seeds plant−1 in the most stressed treatment (i.e., when irrigation was applied at 15-d intervals). Water-stressed treatments did not affect germination of junglerice seeds in the laboratory. Growth and seed production of junglerice at all moisture levels ensures survival of the population in an unpredictable environment and contributes to the weedy nature of this species. The joint effect of enhanced weed competition and drought stress could severely harm crop yield; therefore, it is important to control such weeds in the early stages of crops and save stored moisture for the crops.

scholarly journals Leaf Blade Stomatal Characterizations and Evapotranspiration Rates of 12 Cool-season Perennial Grasses

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 760-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Green ◽  
J.B. Beard ◽  
D.M. Casnoff
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Moisture Conditions

The objectives of this investigation were to determine the stomatal frequencies of 12 perennial cool-season turfgrasses, encompassing nine species, and their associated evapotranspiration (ET) rates under nonlimiting soil moisture and controlled environmental conditions. Significant differences in stomatal density were found among the 12 cool-season turfgrasses on both the abaxial (P > F = 0.0008) and adaxial (P > F = 0.0009) leaf surfaces. Significant differences (P > F = 0.0007) in ET rates also were found among the 12 cool-season turfgrasses. The Kentucky bluegrass (Pea pratensis L.) cultivars exhibited the highest ET rates, while the fine-leafed fescues (Festuca rubra and longifolia L.) exhibited the lowest rates, except for `Big Horn' sheep fescue (Festuca ovina L.), which exhibited an intermediate ET rate. No significant correlation was found between ET rate and either adaxial or abaxial stomatal density. It was concluded that, under nonlimiting soil moisture conditions, stomatal density was not reliably associated with ET rate.

Seed persistence of the invasive aquatic plant, Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (Asteraceae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 670 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Dane Panetta
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Aquatic Plant ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Seed Banks ◽  
Seed Persistence ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Invasive Aquatic Plant ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Buried Seed ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Seed persistence of Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (D.Don) DC.; Asteraceae (Senegal tea), a serious weed of freshwater habitats, was examined in relation to burial status and different soil moisture regimes over a 3-year period. Seeds were found to be highly persistent, especially when buried. At the end of the experiment, 42.0%, 27.3% and 61.4% of buried seeds were viable following maintenance at field capacity, water logged and fluctuating (cycles of 1week at field capacity followed by 3weeks’ drying down) soil moisture conditions, respectively. Comparable viability values for surface-situated seeds were ~3% over all soil moisture regimes. Predicted times to 1% viability are 16.2 years for buried seed and 3.8 years for surface-situated seed. Persistence was attributed primarily to the absence of light, a near-obligate requirement for germination in this species, although secondary dormancy was induced in some seeds. Previous work has demonstrated low fecundity in field populations of G. spilanthoides, which suggests that soil seed banks may not be particularly large. However, high levels of seed persistence, combined with ostensibly effective dispersal mechanisms, indicate that this weed may prove a difficult target for regional or state-wide eradication.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF COMPACTION ON SUBSTRATE CO2 IN A SUBIRRIGATION SYSTEM

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 718A-718
Author(s):  
Noreen S. Khoury ◽  
E. Jay Holcomb
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Gas Tight ◽  
Water Holding

Greenhouse substrates are designed to allow maximum aeration. Substrate water holding capacity can be increased by media compaction. Six inch standard pots, fitted with gas tight openings for removing gas samples, were filled with Metromix 350 and Peatwool at 2 different compaction rates. Half the pots were planted with rooted cuttings of Poinsettia pulcherrima `Glory' and half were left fallow. Air samples were taken at both wet and dry soil moisture conditions at early, mid point and at the end of the cropping cycle. In general, wet substrates had higher CO2 than drier substrates and more compacted substrates had higher CO2 than less compacted. CO2 decreased with time in all treatments. The highest CO2 levels occurred in wet heavily compacted Peatwool with a plant and the lowest occurred in dry Metromix with no plant.

Effects of Soil Moisture on the Vegetative Growth of Wild Oat (Avena fatua)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 625-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Akey ◽  
Ian N. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Diffusion Resistance ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Moisture Conditions

The growth of wild oat (Avena fatua L. ♯3 AVEFA) under different moisture regimes was investigated under field conditions and in a growth chamber. In the field, growth of wild oat under low moisture conditions (0.6 cm water per week – Regime 1) was significantly reduced compared to growth under high moisture conditions (2.5 cm water per week – Regime 2). Maximum reductions of 49, 33, and 38% were recorded in the leaf area, dry weight, and number of viable tillers, respectively. The growth of wild oat in soil watered daily to a soil moisture content (SMC) of 10% (water potential −6.5 bars) in the growth chamber was less than for plants in soil watered daily to 20% SMC (-0.3 bars). Maximum reductions of 55, 57, and 38% were recorded in the leaf area, dry weight, and number of viable tillers, respectively. Wild oat growth was more adversely affected by reducing the SMC from 20 to 10% after, rather than before, the four-leaf stage. By the last sampling date, stomatal diffusion resistance of the most severely water-stressed plants was 25 s·cm-1 compared to between 5 and 10 s·cm-1 for the plants receiving more water.

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