Composted manure and straw amendments in wheat of a rice–wheat rotation system alter weed richness and abundance

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-326
Author(s):  
Haiyan Zhang ◽  
Yicheng Sun ◽  
Yong Li ◽  
Guojun Sun ◽  
Fang Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Rotation System ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Agricultural Weed ◽  
Straw Return ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn a rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) rotation system, a study was conducted to determine the effects of different fertilization regimens (no fertilization, replacement of a portion of chemical fertilizer with composted pig manure, chemical fertilizer only, and straw return combined with chemical fertilizer) on the weed communities and wheat yields after 4 and 5 yr. The impact of the long-term recurrent fertilization regimen initiated in 2010 on the composition and diversity of weed communities and the impact of the components and total amount of fertilizer on wheat yields were assessed in 2014 and 2015. Totals of 19 and 16 weed species were identified in experimental wheat fields in 2014 and 2015, respectively, but the occurrence of weed species varied according to the fertilization regimen. American sloughgrass [Beckmannia syzigachne(Steud.) Fernald], water starwort [Myosoton aquaticum(L.) Moench], and lyrate hemistepta (Hemistepta lyrataBunge.) were adapted to all fertilization treatments and were the dominant weed species in the experimental wheat fields. The greatest number of weed species were observed under the no-fertilization treatment, in which 40% of the weed community was composed of broadleaf weeds and the lowest wheat yields were obtained. With fertilizer application, the number of weed species was reduced, the height of weeds increased significantly, the density of broadleaf weeds was significantly reduced, the biodiversity indices of weed communities decreased significantly, and higher wheat yields were obtained. Only the chemical fertilizer plus composted pig manure treatment and the chemical fertilizer–only treatment increased the density of grassy weeds and the total weed community density. The treatment with chemical fertilizer only also resulted in the highest density ofB. syzigachne. Rice straw return combined with chemical fertilizer yielded the lowest total weed density, which suggests that it inhibited occurrence of weeds. The different fertilizer regimens not only affected the weed species composition, distribution, and diversity, but also the weed density. Our study provides new information from a rice–wheat rotation system on the relationship between soil amendments and agricultural weed infestation.

Changes in dominant weeds of wheat in a rice–wheat rotation system as affected by composted manure and straw amendments

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yunhui Duan ◽  
Haiyan Zhang ◽  
Min Han ◽  
Aimei Hong ◽  
Yong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Rotation System ◽  
Straw Return

Abstract A study was conducted to identify whether composted manure and straw amendments (replacement of a portion of chemical fertilizer [50% of the total nitrogen application] with composted pig manure, and straw return [all straw from the previous rice crop] combined with chemical fertilizer) compared with no fertilization and chemical fertilizer only would change the dominant species of wheat-associated weeds as well as influence their growth and seed yield in a rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation system. The study was initiated in 2010, and the treatment effects on the species, density, plant height, shoot biomass, seed yield of dominant weeds, and wheat yields were assessed in 2017 and 2018. Fertilization significantly increased the height, density, and yield of wheat, as well as the shoot biomass of wheat-associated weeds, but decreased the weed species number. A total of 17 and 14 weed species were recorded in the experimental wheat fields in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The most dominant weed species were American sloughgrass [Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald] and catchweed bedstraw (Galium aparine L.), which made up more than 64% of the weed community in all treatments. When the chemical fertilizer application was amended with pig manure compost and straw return, the relative abundance of B. syzigachne significantly decreased, while the relative abundance of G. aparine significantly increased. The application of the chemical fertilizer-only treatment resulted in increases in the density, shoot biomass, and seed yield of B. syzigachne, while the composted manure and straw amendments applied together with chemical fertilizer led to significant increases in the density, shoot biomass, and seed yield of G. aparine. Consequently, further research on ways to promote greater cropping system diversity will be needed to prevent the selection of weed species that are adapted to a limited suite of crop management practices.

Impacts of long-term composted manure and straw amendments on rice-associated weeds in a rice-wheat rotation system

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Pinglei Gao ◽  
Aimei Hong ◽  
Min Han ◽  
Minghan Song ◽  
Yunhui Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Rotation System ◽  
Straw Return ◽  
Density And Biomass

ABSTRACT As part of a long-term experiment to determine the impacts of composted manure and straw amendments (replacing 50% of chemical fertilizer with composted pig manure, wheat straw return combined with chemical fertilizer, and setting no fertilizer and chemical fertilizer-only as controls) on rice-associated weeds in a rice (Oryza sativa L.) - wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation system, species richness, abundance, density, and biomass of weeds were assessed during years eight and nine. Fertilization decreased the species richness and total density of rice-associated weeds but increased their total biomass. The species richness and densities of broadleaf and sedge weeds decreased with fertilization, while species richness grass weeds increased only with straw return and density was not significantly affected. The shoot biomass per square meter of grass and broadleaf weeds were significantly higher with fertilization treatments than with the no fertilizer control, while that of sedge weeds declined with fertilizer application. With fertilization, the densities of monarch redstem (Ammannia baccifera L.) and smallflower umbrella sedge (Cyperus difformis L.) decreased, that of Chinese sprangletop [Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees] increased, and those of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.] and monochoria [Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl ex Kunth] were not significantly affected. Ammannia baccifera was the most abundant weed species in all treatments. Whereas composted pig manure plus fertilizer resulted in higher density of A. baccifera and lower shoot biomass per plant than chemical fertilizer only; wheat straw return plus chemical fertilizer caused lower density and shoot biomass of A. baccifera. Therefore, it may be possible that fertilization strategies that suppress specific weeds could be used as improved weed management program components in rice production systems.

Impact of Fertilization and Soil Phosphorus Status on Phosphorus Leaching from Soil in Vegetable Greenhouse

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 2968-2973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Jie Zhao ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Yi Shi ◽  
Cai Yan Lu ◽  
Bin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Organic Manure ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Phosphorus Leaching ◽  
Greenhouse Condition ◽  
Greenhouse Soil ◽  
Leaching Loss ◽  
Phosphorus Status ◽  
The Impact

The vegetable utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer in greenhouse condition was low in the season of fertilizer application, resulting in phosphorus accumulation in the top soil year after year. The risk of phosphorus loss through leaching increased under the circumstance of inappropriate watering management and fertilization. In this study, leaching experiments using columns packed with a greenhouse soil with different soil phosphorus status (low, medium and high levels) were carried out under greenhouse condition to investigate the impact of fertilizer application on phosphorus leaching from greenhouse soil. The fertilization treatments included no fertilizer [CK], organic manure and chemical fertilizer [M+NPK], organic manure [M], chemical fertilizer [NPK]. The vertical migration and leaching loss of soil phosphorus were measured. Results were as follows: (1) total phosphorus (TP) content increased with the extension of leaching time. In the low-level- and medium-level-phosphorus greenhouse soils, TP concentration in the effluent increased with the application of manure; (2) In the high-level-phosphorus greenhouse soil, phosphorus in the effluent from the treatment with the use of fertilizer was the highest TP, with accumulative leaching amount of 2.85 mg in 51 days. The leaching of phosphorus became small after 36 days of leaching experiment. Our study showed that application of manure and chemical fertilizer at proper rates according to soil phosphorus status is beneficial to reduce the leaching loss of phosphorus to the environment.

scholarly journals Weed Spectrum in Durum Wheat under Different Soil Tillage and Fertilizer Application in Mediterranean Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7307
Author(s):  
Verdiana Petroselli ◽  
Emanuele Radicetti ◽  
Alireza Safahani Langeroodi ◽  
Mohamed Allam ◽  
Roberto Mancinelli
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
The Impact

Agricultural intensification may cause significant changes in weed density due to high weed competitiveness. Therefore, sustainable practices are to be designed to get maximum benefits of plant biodiversity in the agro-ecosystems. Field experiments were conducted in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 to evaluate the impact of fertilizer source and soil tillage on weed spectrum in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Treatments in this study were: (i) two fertilizer sources (mineral fertilizer (MIN) and municipal organic waste (MOW)), and (ii) three tillage regimes (plowing (Plo), subsoiling (Sub) and spading (SM)). A randomized complete block design with three replications was adopted. Data on weed density and biomass were collected at the wheat tillering stage. Weed density was higher in MOW than MIN (53.8 vs. 44.0 plants·m−2), especially in 2014/2015, while S was the highest among tillage regimes (58.2 plants·m−2). Annual and monocots species were always the highest in subsoiling (43.5 and 10.1 plants·m−2). The density of perennial and dicots species was higher in MOW compared with MIN plots, regardless of soil tillage management. Weed community, in terms of weed species composition, varied between the two fertilizer sources, while among soil tillage regimes, it only differed between plowing and subsoiling. Based on the analysis of weed community composition, annual dicot species were mainly associated with plowing, while monocots tended to be associated with MIN fertilizer. Spading tillage may be a useful strategy for managing weed diversity under organic fertilization, where mineral soil nitrogen availability was limited. Conversely, the spading machine produced lower grain yields than plowing with mineral fertilizer application.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Impact of Crop Layout Changes on N and P Nutrient Balance: A Case Study in the West Liaohe River Basin, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7982
Author(s):  
Zijuan Zhao ◽  
Beilei Fan
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
The West ◽  
Liaohe River ◽  
Nutrient Surplus ◽  
P Balance ◽  
Liaohe River Basin ◽  
The Impact

Regional crop layout has changed significantly due to climate, policy, and other factors, which has impacted farmland nutrient balance. Here, we evaluated the impact of crop layout changes on N and P nutrient balance in the West Liaohe River Basin from 2000–2015. The study area has long been in a N and P surplus state. The unit N surplus exhibited a downward trend and the unit P surplus showed an increasing trend. Significant correlations existed between planting areas and nutrient surplus. The N and P surplus layout was mainly concentrated in the West Liaohe River lower reaches basin. The planting area of wheat must be reduced and the areas of maize and soybean must be controlled to adjust the N and P balance and reduce the environmental pollution risk. Chemical fertilizer and seed inputs are the main sources of N input. Furthermore, combining farming and pastoral farming is conducive to improving N and P use efficiency. Manure can be absorbed by farmland, the ratio of organic and chemical fertilizers can be reasonably set, and chemical fertilizer application can be reduced.

scholarly journals Effect of zone and crops rotation on Ischaemum rugosum and resistance to bispyribac-sodium in Ariari, Colombia

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Plaza ◽  
F.A. Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Rotation System ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Different Doses

The objectives of this research were to evaluate (1) weed species presented in rice fields in relation to the geographical zone and crop rotation and (2) the resistance level of Ischaemum rugosum to the herbicide bispyribac-sodium. For the first objective, were sampled 79 commercial fields of rice to establish weed density, coverage, and rotation system in the evaluated fields with record of bispyribac-sodium application of at least five years. To reach the second objective, the seeds were collected from plants in commercial fields with different control levels of bispyribac-sodium herbicide. Seeds were germinated in trays under controlled conditions. When plants presented three leaves these were treated with bispyribac-sodium at different doses. Percentages of control and dry weight of plants were evaluated 12 days after treatments (dat). Dominant species in evaluated fields was I. rugosum, with a frequency of 100%, presenting escapes to different chemical commercial treatments. No significant differences were recorded between rotation systems, nevertheless, the most of I. rugosum population was found in the system rice-fallow-rice. The response of applications at different concentrations allows concluding that 65% of samples had resistance at different degrees reported as indexes from 2 to 42 which are related to rotation systems.

Environmental Correlates with Germinable Weed Seedbanks on Organic Farms across Northern New England

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Smith ◽  
Sonja K. Birthisel ◽  
Sidney C. Bosworth ◽  
Bryan Brown ◽  
Thomas M. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Multivariate Procedures ◽  
Agricultural Weed ◽  
Northern New England ◽  
Edaphic Variables

The northern New England region includes the states of Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine and encompasses a large degree of climate and edaphic variation across a relatively small spatial area, making it ideal for studying climate change impacts on agricultural weed communities. We sampled weed seedbanks and measured soil physical and chemical characteristics on 77 organic farms across the region and analyzed the relationships between weed community parameters and select geographic, climatic, and edaphic variables using multivariate procedures. Temperature-related variables (latitude, longitude, mean maximum and minimum temperature) were the strongest and most consistent correlates with weed seedbank composition. Edaphic variables were, for the most part, relatively weaker and inconsistent correlates with weed seedbanks. Our analyses also indicate that a number of agriculturally important weed species are associated with specific U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones, implying that future changes in climate factors that result in geographic shifts in these zones will likely be accompanied by changes in the composition of weed communities and therefore new management challenges for farmers.

scholarly journals Decision-Making Behavior of Fertilizer Application of Grain Growers in Heilongjiang Province from the Perspective of Risk Preference and Risk Perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Xin Li ◽  
Jie Shang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Heilongjiang Province ◽  
Application Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Grain Farmers

Heilongjiang Province, as a major grain-planting province in China, under the condition of limited production level and cognitive level, the food and agriculture industry often adopts the “high input-high output” production model to achieve grain yield and increase production. As one of the important material input elements in agricultural production, chemical fertilizer plays an irreplaceable role in increasing crop output and farmers’ income. The reduced application of chemical fertilizer can improve the soil and water source, improve the production environment from the internal agricultural production, and ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products from the source, which is beneficial to the sustainable development of agriculture in China. In this paper, Probit model is used to analyze the risk preference and risk perception of grain farmers in Heilongjiang Province. The results showed that high degree of risk preference had a negative effect on decision behavior of fertilizer application, while high natural risk perception had a positive effect on fertilizer application behavior of grain farmers. At the same time, the results showed that the cultivated land area owned by farmers, the total income of agricultural production, the training of fertilizer technology, and the cognition of the impact of fertilizer on the environment all had significant effects on the chemical fertilizer application behavior of grain farmers. Finally, according to the results of this study, some feasible suggestions are put forward.

Computerised decision support systems: Aids to rational and sustainable weed management

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. O'Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support Systems ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Relative Time ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Crop Density

Computerised decision support systems offer an ideal means of achieving economical, environmentally safe, and sustainable weed management. Systems based on weed economic threshold concepts have been developed in the United States and Europe. In several of these, weed density is the sole variable used for estimating crop yield losses due to weeds. In Canada, there have been few attempts to develop computerised decision support systems to facilitate rational weed management. A notable exception is a microcomputer program developed by the Manitoba Department of Agriculture for assessing the economics of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) control in cereal and oilseed crops. A relative time of emergence variable is a crucial component of the program There is a need to develop a more comprehensive system for managing multiple weed species in a range of crops grown in Canada. For reliable recommendations to be made, input requirements for the system should include information on the relative time of emergence of the crop and weed, crop density, environmental factors and method of fertilizer application, as well as weed density. In terms of output, the system should indicate realistic weed monitoring procedures, and the long-term bioeconomic implications of seed production by uncontrolled weeds. Key words: Bioeconomic models, weed economic thresholds, decision support systems, rational weed management

Extractable and Germinable Seedbank Methods Provide Different Quantifications of Weed Communities

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 715-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Reinhardt ◽  
Ramon G. Leon
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Factor ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Method Selection ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Split Sample ◽  
Weed Diversity ◽  
Weed Species Richness

AbstractSeedbank sampling and quantification methods vary in their ability to describe weed diversity and density, so proper method selection is critical for studying weed communities. The germinable seedbank (GSB) method is commonly preferred over extractable seedbank method (ESB), because the latter is more time-consuming. However, these two methods have only been compared using a few weed species and a relatively small number of samples. A total of 204 weed seedbank samples were used to compare both methods for weed density, richness, evenness, and Shannon-Weiner diversity using a split-sample approach. The two methods yielded dramatically different results. The ESB had 418% higher density and 35% more species per sample but 11% less evenness than the GSB. Diversity was estimated to be only 9% higher using the extractable compared with the germinable method. While the extractable method had higher density and richness overall, this was not true for every species, with only 7 of 14 common species detected in higher amounts by the extractable method. The results indicate the two methods are not strongly correlated, limiting the possibility of generating a conversion factor between methods. Nevertheless, evenness and Shannon-Weiner diversity might allow comparisons between both methods when the emphasis is on characterizing predominant weed species. The GSB is a practical approach to compare treatments or conditions; however, the ESB is more useful to accurately quantify weed species richness, diversity, and density.

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