scholarly journals Herbicide Metabolism: Crop Selectivity, Bioactivation, Weed Resistance, and Regulation

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay K. Nandula ◽  
Dean E. Riechers ◽  
Yurdagul Ferhatoglu ◽  
Michael Barrett ◽  
Stephen O. Duke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Metabolic Resistance ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Herbicide Metabolism ◽  
State Of Research

AbstractSeveral grass and broadleaf weed species around the world have evolved multiple-herbicide resistance at alarmingly increasing rates. Research on the biochemical and molecular resistance mechanisms of multiple-resistant weed populations indicate a prevalence of herbicide metabolism catalyzed by enzyme systems such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and glutathioneS-transferases and, to a lesser extent, by glucosyl transferases. A symposium was conducted to gain an understanding of the current state of research on metabolic resistance mechanisms in weed species that pose major management problems around the world. These topics, as well as future directions of investigations that were identified in the symposium, are summarized herein. In addition, the latest information on selected topics such as the role of safeners in inducing crop tolerance to herbicides, selectivity to clomazone, glyphosate metabolism in crops and weeds, and bioactivation of natural molecules is reviewed.

scholarly journals Evaluating insecticide resistance across African districts to aid malaria control decisions

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (36) ◽  
pp. 22042-22050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L. Moyes ◽  
Duncan K. Athinya ◽  
Tara Seethaler ◽  
Katherine E. Battle ◽  
Marianne Sinka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Ensemble Model ◽  
Metabolic Resistance ◽  
The World ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Health Organization

Malaria vector control may be compromised by resistance to insecticides in vector populations. Actions to mitigate against resistance rely on surveillance using standard susceptibility tests, but there are large gaps in the monitoring data across Africa. Using a published geostatistical ensemble model, we have generated maps that bridge these gaps and consider the likelihood that resistance exceeds recommended thresholds. Our results show that this model provides more accurate next-year predictions than two simpler approaches. We have used the model to generate district-level maps for the probability that pyrethroid resistance inAnopheles gambiaes.l. exceeds the World Health Organization thresholds for susceptibility and confirmed resistance. In addition, we have mapped the three criteria for the deployment of piperonyl butoxide-treated nets that mitigate against the effects of metabolic resistance to pyrethroids. This includes a critical review of the evidence for presence of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic resistance mechanisms across Africa. The maps for pyrethroid resistance are available on the IR Mapper website, where they can be viewed alongside the latest survey data.

Introduction

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Richardson ◽  
Claudia Gorbman
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Independent Film ◽  
The Core ◽  
Current State ◽  
London 2012 ◽  
The World ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
New Research ◽  
Core Issues

This article appears in theOxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aestheticsedited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. This introduction frames the book by providing an overview of its authors' work and theorizing new audiovisual aesthetics.1 The first section reviews the current state of research on audiovisuality; it considers how the audiovisual landscape has changed and how new research might respond to these changes. The section attends closely to boundaries, as some of the most fundamental changes are occurring between or at the margins of conventional forms and categories. Immersion, participation, and sensory enrichment are among the core issues discussed in this section. The second section illuminates these observations via two case studies, on audiovisuality in the London 2012 Olympic Games and on the Chinese independent filmThe World. The final section describes fifteen key areas in which research on the audiovisual is currently being pursued.

scholarly journals Biological Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases: The Potential ofWolbachia-Based Interventions in an IVM Framework

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
El Hadji Amadou Niang ◽  
Hubert Bassene ◽  
Florence Fenollar ◽  
Oleg Mediannikov
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World

People living in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world face an enormous health burden due to mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and filariasis. Historically and today, targeting mosquito vectors with, primarily, insecticide-based control strategies have been a key control strategy against major mosquito-borne diseases. However, the success to date of such approaches is under threat from multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms while vector control (VC) options are still limited. The situation therefore requires the development of innovative control measures against major mosquito-borne diseases. Transinfecting mosquitos with symbiotic bacteria that can compete with targeted pathogens or manipulate host biology to reduce their vectorial capacity are a promising and innovative biological control approach. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge about the association between mosquitoes andWolbachia, emphasizing the limitations of different mosquito control strategies and the use of mosquitoes’ commensal microbiota as innovative approaches to control mosquito-borne diseases.

scholarly journals Mechanism of atrazine resistance in atrazine- and HPPD inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) from Nebraska

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 815-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parminder S. Chahal ◽  
Mithila Jugulam ◽  
Amit J. Jhala
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Agronomic Crops ◽  
P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Atrazine Resistance

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) is one of the most problematic weed species in agronomic crops in the United States. A Palmer amaranth biotype multiple-resistant to atrazine and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors was reported in a seed corn production field in Nebraska. Rapid detoxification mediated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and increased HPPD gene expression were reported as the mechanisms of mesotrione resistance in atrazine- and HPPD inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth biotype from Nebraska; however, the mechanism of atrazine resistance is unknown. The objectives of this study were to investigate target site or non-target site based mechanisms conferring atrazine resistance in Palmer amaranth from Nebraska. 14C-atrazine absorption and translocation studies revealed that reduced atrazine absorption or translocation were not involved as one of the mechanisms of atrazine resistance. Instead, greater 14C-atrazine absorption and recovery in treated leaves were observed in resistant compared with susceptible Palmer amaranth. No known mutations including Ser264Gly substitution in the psbA gene causing target site based atrazine resistance were observed. However, the parent 14C-atrazine was metabolized rapidly <4 h after treatment in resistant plants, conferring enhanced atrazine metabolism as the mechanism of resistance.

scholarly journals Resistance Mechanisms to 2,4-D in Six Different Dicotyledonous Weeds Around the World

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candelario Palma-Bautista ◽  
Antonia M. Rojano-Delgado ◽  
Ignacio Dellaferrera ◽  
Jesús M. Rosario ◽  
Mario R. Vigna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Herbicide Degradation ◽  
The World ◽  
Differential Contribution

2,4-D resistance is increasing around the world due to both transgenic crops and resistance to other herbicides. The objective of the this study was to characterize the currently unknown mechanisms of 2,4-D resistance in five weed species from around the globe: Amaranthus hybridus (Argentina), Conyza canadensis (Hungary), Conyza sumatrensis (France), Hirschfeldia incana (Argentina) and Parthenium hysterophorus (Dominican Republic), using Papaver rhoeas (Spain) as a standard resistant (R) species. Dose-response trials using malathion and absorption, translocation and metabolism experiments were performed to unravel the resistance mechanisms. R plants produced at least 3-folds less ethylene than susceptible plants, confirming the resistance to 2,4-D, together with resistance factors >4. A. hybridus, P. hysterophorus and P. rhoeas showed both reduced translocation and enhanced metabolism. In the two Conyza sps., the only resistance mechanism found was enhanced metabolism. Malathion synergized with 2,4-D in all these species, indicating the role of cytochrome P450 in the herbicide degradation. In H. incana, reduced translocation was the only contributing mechanism to resistance. Among the six dicotyledonous weed species investigated, there was a differential contribution to 2,4-D resistance of enhanced metabolism and reduced translocation. Thus, extrapolating 2,4-D resistance mechanisms from one weed species to another is very risky, if even related.

scholarly journals Degradation Enhancement as the Mechanism of Resistance to Imazethapyr in Barnyardgrass

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. DALAZEN ◽  
A. PISONI ◽  
R.S. RAFAELI ◽  
A. MEROTTO JR.
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Resistance Factor ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Mechanism Of Resistance ◽  
P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
The World ◽  
Resistant Population

ABSTRACT: Non-target site (NTS) herbicide resistance by degradation enhancement is an increasing problem in several weeds around the world. In this study, the occurrence of degradation enhancement by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (cytP450) was evaluated as the mechanism of resistance to imazethapyr in barnyardgrass. The cytP450 inhibitors malathion and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and the inducer naphthalic anhydride (NA), applied in mixture or sequentially with imazethapyr, were evaluated on imidazolinone-susceptible and -resistant barnyardgrass byotipes. In addition, the degradation of imazethapyr was analyzed in plants treated with imazethapyr applied alone or two hours after malathion or NA. The spraying of malathion and PBO reduced the resistance factor (RF) from 15.92 to 3.44 and 4.99, respectively, in the resistant population PALMS01. Conversely, the cytP450 inducer NA increased the RF from 4.45 to 8.32. Malathion increased imazethapyr concentrations in resistant barnyardgrass in comparison with plants sprayed with the herbicide alone, indicating the inhibition of imazethapyr degradation. The simultaneous spraying of malathion and imazethapyr was less efficient than the previous application of this cytP450 inhibitor. These results indicate that degradation enhancement caused by cytP450 enzymes is involved in the resistance mechanism of barnyardgrass to imazethapyr, and appropriate measures should be taken to manage these populations.

A categorisation of dialectics in response to project uncertainty

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Buhagiar ◽  
Julien Pollack ◽  
Sharon Coyle
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Current State ◽  
Complex Projects ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeScholars are increasingly acknowledging the importance of conversations in the management of complex projects. Defining dialectics as “the art of purposeful conversation”, this paper aims to rationalise the somewhat disorganised field of dialectics by developing a categoreal scheme.Design/methodology/approachThe authors refer to the current state of research into the conversational aspects of complex projects, and examine the historical development of, and philosophical and scholarly commentary on, the dialectical method.FindingsThe categories the authors propose are the Socratic, Conversational, Fichtean and Peircean. They differ in relation to the subject matter of the dialectic; their vulnerability to environmental influences; the degree of structure they require for optimal performance; and the situations in which they might most profitably be applied.Research limitations/implicationsA single categoreal scheme is rarely the last word, and the authors invite other scholars to explore the field in a similar way.Practical implicationsThe scheme proposed here is intended to enhance the project manager's approach to conversations, by referring to the specific virtues and limitations of each of the categories.Social implicationsThe informed use of dialectics may help to ameliorate the significant damage done to organisations and economies around the world by failed and underperforming projects.Originality/valueThe authors present the first categorisation of the field, with the aim of equipping the practitioner to think about dialectical approaches in a more systematic way.

scholarly journals #METOO IN POLISH THEATRE EDUCATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Monika Kwaśniewska-Mikuła
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Male Gaze ◽  
Theatre Education ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Images Of Women ◽  
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick

This article discusses the #metoo movement in the Polish theatre. The author, referring to the thesis by Agnès Grossmann, notes that just like in the cinema, in which #metoo was initiated, the theatre reproduces images of women subjected to the male gaze. She then looks at how this problem of representation translates into the working conditions of women in the theatre. The paper presents the current state of research and actions regarding violence (including sexual violence) in theatres around the world. Applying these considerations to Poland, the author writes how this problem resonates with the situation of women in Poland. In the context of the theatre, the location of substantive and practical preparation for #metoo were theatre schools. Surveying events in the two most important and prestigious centres of theatre education, the author first makes a diagnosis of existing problems and then examines the process of combating them through the prism of Sarah Ahmed's concept of “walls” and the affective theory of paranoia and reparation according to Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick

Some Thoughts about Hebrew Fascism in Inter-war Palestine

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Short Introduction ◽  
Current State ◽  
Mass Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Inherent Part

AbstractDuring the 1920s and 1930s, fascist movements and groups flourished all around the world. Relying on Robert Paxton's postulate that the emergence of a fascist movement is an inherent part of modern societies with mass politics, this article examines the probable existence of such a fascist movement in the Hebrew society in Palestine of the time. After a short introduction of concepts of generic fascism and a review of the current state of research into the subject, the article discusses some aspects and characteristics of generic fascism which are specifically significant to this case study.

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