Differential Response of Arkansas Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) to Glyphosate and Mesotrione

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpa Singh ◽  
Nilda Roma-Burgos ◽  
Vijay Singh ◽  
Ed Allan L. Alcober ◽  
Reiofeli Salas-Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Tolerance Level ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Effective Doses

AbstractWe conducted a greenhouse study to evaluate the differential response of Palmer amaranth to glyphosate and mesotrione and to quantify the level of tolerance to mesotrione in recalcitrant (difficult-to-control) accessions and their offspring. Seeds were collected from 174 crop fields (corn, cotton, and soybean) across Arkansas between 2008 and 2016. Palmer amaranth seedlings (7 to 10 cm tall) were treated with glyphosate at 840 g ae ha–1or mesotrione at 105 g ha–1. Overall, 47% of the accessions (172) were resistant to glyphosate with 68% survivors. Almost 35% of accessions were highly resistant, with 90% survivors. The majority of survivors from glyphosate application incurred between 31% and 60% injury. Mesotrione killed 66% of the accessions (174); the remaining accessions had survivors with injury ranging from 61% to 90%. Accessions with the least response to mesotrione were selected to determine tolerance level. Dose–response assays were conducted with four recalcitrant populations and their F1progeny. The average effective doses (ED50) for the parent accessions and F1progeny of survivors were 21.5 g ha–1and 27.5 g ha–1, respectively. The recalcitrant parent populations were three- to five-fold more tolerant to mesotrione than the known susceptible population, as were the F1progeny.

Susceptibility of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) to herbicides in accessions collected from the North Carolina Coastal Plain

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 582-593
Author(s):  
Denis J. Mahoney ◽  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Nilda Roma-Burgos ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
Ramon G. Leon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Two Populations

AbstractPalmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) populations resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides and glyphosate are fairly common throughout the state of North Carolina (NC). This has led farm managers to rely more heavily on herbicides with other sites of action (SOA) for A. palmeri control, especially protoporphyrinogen oxidase and glutamine synthetase inhibitors. In the fall of 2016, seeds from A. palmeri populations were collected from the NC Coastal Plain, the state’s most prominent agricultural region. In separate experiments, plants with 2 to 4 leaves from the 110 populations were treated with field use rates of glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, fomesafen, mesotrione, or thifensulfuron-methyl. Percent visible control and survival were evaluated 3 wk after treatment. Survival frequencies were highest following glyphosate (99%) or thifensulfuron-methyl (96%) treatment. Known mutations conferring resistance to ALS inhibitors were found in populations surviving thifensulfuron-methyl application (Ala-122-Ser, Pro-197-Ser, Trp-574-Leu, and/or Ser-653-Asn), in addition to a new mutation (Ala-282-Asp) that requires further investigation. Forty-two populations had survivors after mesotrione application, with one population having 17% survival. Four populations survived fomesafen treatment, while none survived glufosinate. Dose–response studies showed an increase in fomesafen needed to kill 50% of two populations (LD50); however, these rates were far below the field use rate (less than 5 g ha−1). In two populations following mesotrione dose–response studies, a 2.4- to 3.3-fold increase was noted, with LD90 values approaching the field use rate (72.8 and 89.8 g ha−1). Screening of the progeny of individuals surviving mesotrione confirmed the presence of resistance alleles, as there were a higher number of survivors at the 1X rate compared with the parent population, confirming resistance to mesotrione. These data suggest A. palmeri resistant to chemistries other than glyphosate and thifensulfuron-methyl are present in NC, which highlights the need for weed management approaches to mitigate the evolution and spread of herbicide-resistant populations.

scholarly journals Confirmation of S-metolachlor resistance in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 720-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad Brabham ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Michael M. Houston ◽  
Vijay K Varanasi ◽  
Tom Barber
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractS-Metolachlor is commonly used by soybean and cotton growers, especially with POST treatments for overlapping residuals, to obtain season-long control of glyphosate- and acetolactate synthase (ALS)–resistant Palmer amaranth. In Crittenden County, AR, reports of Palmer amaranth escapes following S-metolachlor treatment were first noted at field sites near Crawfordsville and Marion in 2016. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to confirm S-metolachlor resistance and to test for cross-resistance to other very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA)–inhibiting herbicides in Palmer amaranth accessions from Crawfordsville and Marion. Palmer amaranth control in the field (soil <3% organic matter) 14 d after treatment (DAT) was ≥94% with a 1× rate of acetochlor (1,472 g ai ha–1; emulsifiable concentrate formulation) and dimethenamid-P (631 g ai ha–1). However, S-metolachlor at 1,064 g ai ha–1 provided only 76% control, which was not significantly different from the 1/2× and 1/4× rates of dimethenamid-P and acetochlor (66% to 85%). In the greenhouse, Palmer amaranth accessions from Marion and Crawfordsville were 9.8 and 8.3 times more resistant to S-metolachlor compared with two susceptible accessions based on LD50 values obtained from dose–response experiments. Two-thirds and 1.5 times S-metolachlor at 1,064 g ha–1 were the estimated rates required to obtain 90% mortality of the Crawfordsville and Marion accessions, respectively. Data collected from the field and greenhouse confirm that these accessions have evolved a low level of resistance to S-metolachlor. In an agar-based assay, the level of resistance in the Marion accession was significantly reduced in the presence of a glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitor, suggesting that GSTs are the probable resistance mechanism. With respect to other VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides, Marion and Crawfordsville accessions were not cross-resistant to acetochlor, dimethenamid-P, or pyroxasulfone. However, both accessions, based on LD50 values obtained from greenhouse dose–response experiments, exhibited reduced sensitivity (1.5- to 3.6-fold) to the tested VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Evolved Glyphosate Resistance in a North Carolina Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Biotype

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aman Chandi ◽  
Susana R. Milla-Lewis ◽  
Darci Giacomini ◽  
Philip Westra ◽  
Christopher Preston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Dose Responses

Inheritance of glyphosate resistance in a Palmer amaranth biotype from North Carolina was studied. Glyphosate rates for 50% survival of glyphosate-resistant (GR) and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) biotypes were 1288 and 58 g ha−1, respectively. These values for F1 progenies obtained from reciprocal crosses (GR×GSandGS×GRwere 794 and 501 g ha−1, respectively. Dose response of F1 progenies indicated that resistance was not fully dominant over susceptibility. Lack of significant differences between dose responses for reciprocal F1 families suggested that genetic control of glyphosate resistance was governed by nuclear genome. Analysis of F1 backcross (BC1F1) families showed that 10 and 8 BC1F1 families out of 15 fitted monogenic inheritance at 2000 and 3000 g ha−1glyphosate, respectively. These results indicate that inheritance of glyphosate resistance in this biotype is incompletely dominant, nuclear inherited, and might not be consistent with a single gene mechanism of inheritance. Relative 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) copy number varied from 22 to 63 across 10 individuals from resistant biotype. This suggested that variableEPSPScopy number in the parents might be influential in determining if inheritance of glyphosate resistance is monogenic or polygenic in this biotype.

Variable Tolerance among Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Biotypes to Glyphosate, 2,4-D Amine, and Premix Formulation of Glyphosate plus 2,4-D Choline (Enlist Duo®) Herbicide

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 787-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Spaunhorst ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Whole Plant

Adoption of soybean that is resistant to 2,4-D will result in more use of glyphosate plus 2,4-D premixes and tank mixtures. Preliminary whole-plant greenhouse assays confirm most Palmer amaranth populations found in Indiana are glyphosate-resistant (GR), and some biotypes exhibit tolerance to 2,4-D amine. Dose–response experiments were conducted to determine the level of glyphosate resistance and 2,4-D amine tolerance in four Palmer amaranth biotypes. A premix formulation of glyphosate plus 2,4-D choline was also evaluated. The R1, R2, and R3 biotypes were 31- to 66-fold more resistant to glyphosate (R:S ratio) than the S1 biotype based on the herbicide dose to cause 90% mortality (LD90). The maximum POST rate of the premix formulation of Enlist Duo®labeled in ‘Enlist®’soybean is 2,195 g ae ha−1. When separated by active ingredient, the maximum POST rate of Enlist Duo®is equivalent to 1,141 and 1,054 g ae ha−1of glyphosate and 2,4-D choline, respectively. In the absence of glyphosate, the maximum rate of 2,4-D (1,054 g ae ha−1) in the premix formulation of Enlist Duo®controlled S1, R2, and R3 biotypes, but failed to control all plants from the R1 biotype. Estimates for LD90showed the R1 biotype was 3-fold more tolerant than the S1 biotype to 2,4-D amine. However, no plants survived the 1,155 g ae ha−1(600 g ae ha−1of glyphosate plus 555 g ae ha−12,4-D) treatment with the premix formulation of glyphosate plus 2,4-D choline. Overall, results from this experiment suggest GR Palmer amaranth that also exhibits increased tolerance to 2,4-D amine will be difficult to control with glyphosate or 2,4-D alone, but can be controlled POST with Enlist Duo®at lower than labeled field rates (1,618 to 2,195 g ae ha−1).

scholarly journals Sequential Applications of Synthetic Auxins and Glufosinate for Escaped Palmer Amaranth Control

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1425
Author(s):  
Frances B. Browne ◽  
Xiao Li ◽  
Katilyn J. Price ◽  
Ryan Langemeier ◽  
Alvaro Sanz-Saez de Jauregui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Synthetic Auxins ◽  
Reverse Sequence ◽  
Henry County

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the influence of sequence and timing of synthetic auxins and glufosinate on large Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) control. Field studies were performed in Henry County, AL where treatments were applied to Palmer amaranth with average heights of 37 and 59 cm in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Sequential applications of 2,4-D/dicamba + glyphosate followed by (fb) glufosinate at labeled rates 3 or 7 days after initial treatment (DAIT) were used in addition to the reverse sequence with a 7-day interval. Time intervals of 3 or 7 days between applications did not influence Palmer amaranth control. Palmer amaranth was controlled 100% by dicamba + glyphosate fb glufosinate and 2,4-D + glufosinate fb glufosinate 7 DAIT in 2018. However, herbicide performance was reduced due to delayed application and taller plants in 2019 with up to 23% less visual injury. To further investigate Palmer amaranth response to dicamba and glufosinate applied sequentially, a greenhouse study was conducted in 2019 where physiological measurements were recorded over a 35-day period. Treatments were applied to Palmer amaranth averaging 38 cm tall and included dicamba + glyphosate fb glufosinate 7 DAIT, the reverse sequence, and a single application of dicamba + glufosinate + glyphosate. Glufosinate severely inhibited mid-day photosynthesis compared to dicamba with up to 90% reductions in CO2 assimilation 1 DAIT. In general, Palmer amaranth respiration and stomatal conductance were not affected by herbicides in this study. Applications of dicamba + glyphosate fb glufosinate 7 DAIT was the only treatment hindered Palmer amaranth regrowth with 52% reduction in leaf biomass compared to nontreated control. These data suggest Palmer amaranth infested fields are more likely to be rescued with sequential applications of synthetic auxins and glufosinate, but consistent control of large Palmer is not probable.

scholarly journals Timeline of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) invasion and eradication in Minnesota

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Eric Yu ◽  
Shane Blair ◽  
Mari Hardel ◽  
Monika Chandler ◽  
Denise Thiede ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Genetic Test ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Noxious Weed ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Palmer amaranth–a fast-growing, challenging to control noxious weed that significantly reduces crop yields—was first found in Minnesota in September 2016 in conservation plantings sown with Palmer amaranth contaminated seed mixes. Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA) designated Palmer amaranth as a Prohibited Noxious Weed in 2015 and listed it as a Noxious Weed Seed in 2016 by emergency order. A genetic test to identify Palmer amaranth was simultaneously developed by multiple labs providing a tool to limit its spread as a contaminant in seed. Seed companies adopted genetic testing methods for labeling seed for sale reducing introductions via the seed pathway. Additionally, MDA determined that manure spread on crop fields from contaminated screenings fed to livestock resulted in new infestations. Limiting spread via these and other potential pathways was critical to successfully reducing the impact of Palmer amaranth. MDA, University of Minnesota (UMN) Extension, Conservation Corps Minnesota and Iowa (CCMI), farmers, and other partners are working to eradicate these infestations before they can spread. In 2016, 35 sites were sown with Palmer amaranth contaminated seed mixes. Palmer amaranth was found at eight (23%) of these sites. Management with intensive scouting, torching, prescribed burning, and herbicide application was implemented in 2016 and 2017. By 2018, no Palmer amaranth was found at any of these sites. Similar success to newer infestations in 2018, 2019, and 2020 was achieved using the same methods. MDA recorded management activities and documented a comprehensive timeline of Palmer amaranth in Minnesota. This timeline provides a story of success and challenges in combating and eradicating Palmer amaranth.

Evaluation of Early-Season and Postharvest Herbicide Treatments on Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 708-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly T. Winton ◽  
Jimmy F. Stritzke
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Tolerance Level ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Forage Yields

Terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil), diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione], and metribuzin [4-amino-6-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] controlled palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Wats. ♯ AMAPA) in established alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) when applied after first harvest. However, these same herbicides did not control palmer amaranth when applied early-season in March. Alfalfa forage yields were increased when palmer amaranth was controlled. Residue levels of terbacil and its metabolites in alfalfa forage from plots treated postharvest with 1.1 kg/ha of terbacil were well below the 5-ppm tolerance level established for terbacil in alfalfa. There was some chlorosis of alfalfa foliage following the postharvest use of the 1.1 kg ai/ha of terbacil. There was also a yield reduction of alfalfa in two of the six experiments (one from a March and one from a June application) where 1.1 kg ai/ha of terbacil was evaluated.

Evaluation of 2,4-D–based Herbicide Mixtures for Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin H. Lawrence ◽  
Jason A. Bond ◽  
Thomas W. Eubank ◽  
Bobby R. Golden ◽  
Donald R. Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Synthetic Auxins ◽  
Control Options ◽  
Herbicide Mixture ◽  
Herbicide Mixtures ◽  
Sites Of Action

AbstractUnderstanding control of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth with multiple herbicide sites of action, including synthetic auxins, is crucial for growers to minimize GR Palmer amaranth interference with crops. Field studies in 2013 and 2014 and a greenhouse study in 2014 were conducted in Stoneville, MS, to evaluate POST control of GR Palmer amaranth with 2,4-D alone and in mixtures with glyphosate and/or glufosinate. In the greenhouse study, control of 5- and 10-cm GR Palmer amaranth was 87% with 2,4-D at 0.84 kg ae ha−1. Dry weight reduction of GR Palmer amaranth was ≥81% with 2,4-D at 0.84 kg ha−1. In field studies, mixtures of glufosinate at 0.59 kg ai ha−1and 2,4-D at 0.56 or 1.12 kg ae ha−1controlled 5- to 10-cm GR Palmer amaranth 87% at 28 d after treatment (DAT). Averaged across glyphosate treatments, glufosinate applied alone applied to 5- to 10-cm GR Palmer amaranth reduced dry weight at 28 DAT to 20 g m−2from 82 g m−2and was comparable with that following 2,4-D applied alone at 1.12 kg ae ha−1and mixtures of glufosinate plus 2,4-D at 0.56 and 1.12 kg ae ha−1. Mixtures of 2,4-D plus glufosinate provided ≥92% control of 15- to 20-cm GR Palmer amaranth at 28 DAT. When applied to 15- to 20-cm plants, mixtures of 2,4-D plus glufosinate reduced GR Palmer amaranth density to ≤5 plants m−2compared with 65 plants m−2where no 2,4-D or glufosinate was applied. Glufosinate and 2,4-D are viable control options for 5- to 10-cm or 15- to 20-cm GR Palmer amaranth. However, 2,4-D did not improve GR Palmer amaranth control when added to any herbicide mixture except glyphosate and glufosinate applied to 15- to 20-cm plants at the 28 DAT evaluation.

DISTRIBUSI DAN IDENTIFIKASI POPULASI SINTRONG (Crossocephalum crepidiodes.Benth) RESISTEN PARAKUAT PADA LAHAN JAGUNG (Zea mays) DI KABUPATEN DAIRI

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-161
Author(s):  
Berton Sianturi
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Susceptible Populations

Crassocephalum crepidioides on Cornfields in Dairi Regency had been reported tobecome more difficult to control using paraquat. The objective of the research was todetermine the characteristics and the distribution of C.crepidioides resistant to paraquatin cornfields. The experiment was carried out in two steps, the first step was screeningthe population of C. crepidioides with paraquat at the recommended dose, and the secondstep, dose-response experiment for the resistance level of C. crepidioides population withdose 0, 76, 152, 304,5, 609, 1218, and 2436 g.ai /ha. In the first step experiment, paraquatdichloride was applied at 280 g.ai/ha. The treatments were arranged in a randomized blockdesign with 3 replication. The second step experiment was that the resistant populationsconfirmed in the first experiment were sprayed for their dose-response. The treatmentswere arranged in a randomized complete block design (CRBD). The results showed thatof 30 populations of C. crepidiodes, 19 populations (63.3%) were categorized to beresistant with the mortality ranging from 10.84% to 52.08%, and 11 populations (36.7%),was categorized as high resistance with mortality of 0% to 9.21%. The level ofresistance (R/S) of R-C25, R-C27, and R-C30 populations of C. crepidioides were 12,3,14,86, and 24,83 times consecutively, compared with the susceptible population. Thenumber of C. crepidioides chlorophyl leaves in susceptible populations was significantlylower than that of a resistant populations.

Safety and efficacy of linuron with or without an adjuvant or S-metolachlor for POST control of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in sweetpotato

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Levi D. Moore ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
David W. Monks ◽  
Ramon G. Leon ◽  
David L. Jordan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ◽  
Safety And Efficacy

Abstract Field studies were conducted to evaluate linuron for POST control of Palmer amaranth in sweetpotato to minimize reliance on protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides. Treatments were arranged in a two by four factorial where the first factor consisted of two rates of linuron (420 and 700 g ai ha−1), and the second factor consisted of linuron applied alone or in combinations of linuron plus a nonionic surfactant (NIS) (0.5% v/v), linuron plus S-metolachlor (800 g ai ha−1), or linuron plus NIS plus S-metolachlor. In addition, S-metolachlor alone and nontreated weedy and weed-free checks were included for comparison. Treatments were applied to ‘Covington’ sweetpotato 8 d after transplanting (DAP). S-metolachlor alone provided poor Palmer amaranth control because emergence had occurred at applications. All treatments that included linuron resulted in at least 98 and 91% Palmer amaranth control 1 and 2 wk after treatment (WAT), respectively. Including NIS with linuron did not increase Palmer amaranth control compared to linuron alone, but increased sweetpotato injury and subsequently decreased total sweetpotato yield by 25%. Including S-metolachlor with linuron resulted in the greatest Palmer amaranth control 4 WAT, but increased crop foliar injury to 36% 1 WAT compared to 17% foliar injury from linuron alone. Marketable and total sweetpotato yield was similar between linuron alone and linuron plus S-metolachlor or S-metolachlor plus NIS treatments, though all treatments resulted in at least 39% less total yield than the weed-free check resulting from herbicide injury and/or Palmer amaranth competition. Because of the excellent POST Palmer amaranth control from linuron 1 WAT, a system including linuron applied 7 DAP followed by S-metolachlor applied 14 DAP could help to extend residual Palmer amaranth control further into the critical period of weed control while minimizing sweetpotato injury.

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