Waterlogging Influence on Roughstalk Bluegrass (Poa trivialis) and Tall Fescue Germination

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 732-739
Author(s):  
Mingyang Liu ◽  
Andrew Hulting ◽  
Carol Mallory-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Willamette Valley ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Oregon’s Willamette Valley is the major cool-season, grass-seed-production area in the world. Roughstalk bluegrass (RB) is a weed in waterlogged, grass-seed-crop fields. Growth chamber and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the influence of waterlogging on the germination and establishment of RB and tall fescue (TF). Oxygen deficiency resulted in a germination delay in both species, but was greater for TF. Oxygen deficiency at 20 and 30 C was greater for TF compared to RB. Simulated waterlogging for 28 d reduced aboveground biomass more for RB (58%) than for TF (46%), but did not influence seedling survival. Compared to TF, the influence of waterlogging on RB was greater during early establishment. These responses may help RB maintain its germination rate while reducing the damage caused by the accumulation of toxic fermentation-metabolites during waterlogging which benefits RB in competition with TF, especially under high temperatures.

scholarly journals Freezing Temperature Effect on Survival of Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola in Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 1058-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Pfender ◽  
S. S. Vollmer
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Willamette Valley ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Controlled Freezing

The Willamette Valley in Oregon is a major seed production area for cool-season grasses. Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola survives over winter on its hosts as uredinial infections and causes epidemics of stem rust, the area's major disease on perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. To determine the possible importance of freezing temperature on rust survival, infected plants taken from the field were subjected to controlled freezing across a range of temperatures representative of those that can occur in the region. After treatment, plants were placed in a warm greenhouse, and the number of actively sporulating pustules was recorded at 3-day intervals for 21 days. The pathogen responded similarly to freezing treatments whether in perennial ryegrass or tall fescue. Compared with the nontreated standard, there was no significant reduction in pustule number after exposure to -3 or -6°C. Exposure of infected plants to -10°C caused a 75 to 90% reduction in rust survival, and exposure to -13°C killed all rust infections in tall fescue and over 99% in perennial ryegrass. The decline in rust survival with temperature was slightly steeper for perennial ryegrass than for tall fescue. A higher absolute number of infections in perennial ryegrass than in tall fescue resulted in higher numbers of surviving infections on perennial ryegrass. Survival of rust infections appeared to be primarily a function of host tissue survival. Between 1960 and 1997, years with winter temperatures as low as -10 or -13°C have occurred in the Willamette Valley with frequencies of approximately 39 and 8%, respectively. We conclude that year-to-year variation in winter temperature could have a significant effect on the survival of the grass stem rust pathogen.

scholarly journals Germination rate and seedling vigour of tall fescue as affected by endophyte status and seed density

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 271-274
Author(s):  
H.T. Owens ◽  
C.H. Finneseth ◽  
T.M. Tillery ◽  
T.D. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Seed Density ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Density Fractions ◽  
Endophyte Infection ◽  
Early Germination ◽  
Air Column

Forage grass seed quality is influenced by plant genetics as well as seed density, storage conditions, age of seed, and endophyte infection status. We used eight seed lots of tall fescue (three cultivars, with natural endophytes, endophyte-free, or novel endophyte) to test the effect of seed density on germination and seedling vigour. Seed lots were separated into nine density fractions using a cylinder air column. Thousand seed weight values were determined. Three runs of four replications of plots consisting of 25 seeds of each entry were seeded in greenhouse experiments to determine seedling mass at 8 weeks after planting. Early germination counts as well as laboratory germination tests indicated significant differences among weight classes in speed of germination as well as seedling vigour. The lightest fraction of seed clearly contained inferior seed, but higher density seed lots tended to have better germination and seedling vigour than lower density ones. Keywords: seed density, seedling vigour, germination, tall fescue, endophyte

Chemical Dwarfing and the Response of Cool‐Season Grass Seed Crops to Spring‐Applied Nitrogen

1999 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Young ◽  
David O. Chilcote ◽  
Harold W. Youngberg
Keyword(s):  
Cool Season ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Cool Season Grass ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

Effects of Grass Seed Agriculture on Aquatic Invertebrate Communities Inhabiting Seasonal Wetlands of the Southern Willamette Valley, Oregon

Wetlands ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 921-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance A. Wyss ◽  
Bruce D. Dugger ◽  
Alan T. Herlihy ◽  
William J. Gerth ◽  
Judith L. Li
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Invertebrate ◽  
Willamette Valley ◽  
Seasonal Wetlands ◽  
Invertebrate Communities ◽  
Grass Seed

Effects of method, rate and time of application of nitrogen fertilizer on seed production of tall fescue

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Application ◽  
Seed Crop ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Clean Seed

The production of seed of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber) provides an opportunity to diversify the agriculture of the Peace region with a new, un-subsidized, soil-conserving, cash-crop. Nitrogen fertility and nutrition are major components of the production of any grass-seed crop. A field study was conducted on the nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirements for optimizing seed yield and quality of tall fescue grown in the Peace region. Row-crop stands (30-cm spacing) were established at four sites in two consecutive seeding years (1993 and 1994), with two consecutive seed crops being harvested from each stand. A total of 18 N fertilizer treatments was applied to the first seed crop, a factorial combination of two methods (surface-broadcast, granular, ammonium nitrate 34–0–0, and soil-injected 28–0–0 solution), three times (early- to mid-September, early- to mid-October, and early- to mid-April prior to the first seed harvest), and three rates (50, 100, and 150 kg ha−1 N). The second seed crop received 68 kg ha−1 of surface-broadcast N applied in mid-September after removal of the harvest crop residue. Seed yield and quality were not affected by the time of N application. When compared with broadcast application, soil-injection of N fertilizer significantly reduced whole-plant dry matter (DM) yield and seed yield/seedhead by 7 and 9%, respectively, but the two methods of N application had no differential effect on clean seed yield ha−1, fertile tiller density, harvest index, thousand-seed weight, specific seed weight, germination, or on the proportion of clean seed. When compared with N at 50 kg ha−1, whole-plant DM yield was increased by 6 and 8%, and clean seed yield/seedhead by 15 and 14%, with the 100 and 150 kg ha−1 rates of N, respectively. The first- and second-year seed yields averaged 1319 and 952 kg ha−1, respectively, for the 1993 seeding year, and 1630 and 716 kg ha−1, respectively, for the 1994 seeding year. The cumulative seed productivity over the 2 production years was similar for the two seeding years, being 2271 kg ha−1 for 1993 and 2346 kg ha−1 for 1994. Each seed crop of tall fescue requires an available N supply from the soil in the range of 100 to 150 kg ha−1 N to maximize seed yield and quality. Key words: Tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreber, nitrogen fertility, grass seed production, grass seed quality

Conditions de germination et rôle des herbivores dans la dispersion et le recrutement d'une espèce clonale : Juncus gerardi Lois.

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
pp. 1430-1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Amiaud ◽  
Anne Bonis ◽  
Jan-Bernard Bouzillé
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Clonal Plant ◽  
Seed Dispersion ◽  
Colonization Success ◽  
Juncus Gerardi ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Bovine Feces

The finding of new individuals of a clonal plant, Juncus gerardi, raised the question of modalities for the colonization of new sites by this species. Indeed, the existence of seedlings has not been observed in the field, nor reported in the literature for European marshes. Among the parameters limiting recruitment, we examined the soil seed bank, which appeared extremely small. Many seeds could be found in bovine feces but few were found in equine feces. Futhermore, bovines are not only important for seed dispersion, but also for the improvement of the germinative capacities: the seed germination rate of Juncus gerardi was doubled after digestive transit. Germination testing showed that this species is largely tolerant to salinity (from 0 to 26,4 mS·cm-1). The germination rate was maximal with a thermoperiod of 10-20°C but null for a 0-10°C thermoperiod. Germination was improved by immersion and was light dependent. The critical phase for colonization success in new habitats could be primarily seedling survival. Recruitment success in Juncus gerardi seems to be a rare event, requiring the combination of favorable conditions related to climate and gap openings in swards.Key words: germinative capacities, feces, clonal plant, grazers, endozoochory, pastures.

scholarly journals Month of Seeding Effect on Low-Input Establishment of Cool- and Warm-Season Turfgrasses in Continental Transition Zone

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-170
Author(s):  
Kenneth Lynn Diesburg ◽  
Ronald F. Krausz
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Low Input

This research was conducted to determine the degree of success, by month, in seeding establishment of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers. var. dactylon), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) at two locations in the moist, Midwest, continental transition zone on a prepared seed bed without irrigation or cover. The four species were planted every month of the year starting in September 2005. Starter fertilizer and siduron were applied the same day as seeding with no subsequent management except mowing. Percent cover of living turfgrass was recorded in each of 24 months after seeding. Tall fescue (80%) and Bermudagrass (73%) provided the best percent cover over all planting dates. Kentucky bluegrass provided 65% and zoysiagrass 24% cover. The cool-season grasses performed best in the July-to-March plantings; tall fescue 88% and Kentucky bluegrass 72%. Bermudagrass (94%) established best in the January-to-April plantings, while Zoysiagrass (32%) established best in the November-to-March plantings. Germination and seedling survival after germination of all species were inhibited by limited moisture during summer. The warm-season grasses were further limited by winter kill in the August, September, and October seedings. These results emphasize the risk in spring-seeding as well as the value in dormant-seeding of both warm- and cool-season turfgrasses for low-input, nonirrigated establishment.

scholarly journals Fecundity of Winged Euonymus Cultivars and Their Ability to Invade Various Natural Environments

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1029-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. Brand ◽  
Jessica D. Lubell ◽  
Jonathan M. Lehrer
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Euonymus Alatus ◽  
Demographic Models ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Deciduous Woodland ◽  
Northern United States

Winged euonymus [Euonymus alatus (Thunb.)] is an important landscape shrub that has demonstrated its potential to be invasive in numerous states across the central and northern United States. Nine cultivars were evaluated for their potential to produce fruits and seeds in a randomized, replicated field planting. Seeds from all cultivars were evaluated for germination rate and initial survival in a deciduous woodland. Seeds collected from ‘Compactus’ were also sown in five natural environments (full sun meadow, edge of woods, moist woods, dry woods, pine woods) to determine which habitat types support its germination and establishment. Seed production for cultivars varied from 981 to 6090 seeds per plant. The dry deciduous woods and pine woods were the only environments that supported significant germination rates that could be as high as 37.8%. Seedling survival was at least 77% in the deciduous dry woods and at least 55% in the pine woods. In the first replication, establishment rates for cultivars in the dry deciduous woods ranged from a low of 6.5% for ‘Odom’ Little Moses™ to a high of 42.5% for ‘Monstrosus’. In the second replication, all cultivars achieved over 30% establishment and most exceeded 40% establishment. An estimate of the annual seedling contribution per plant per cultivar was calculated by combining seed production data with establishment data for each cultivar. This estimate was predicted to range from 588 to 3763 and therefore none of the nine cultivars evaluated should be considered non-invasive based on our findings. Our findings show that germination and seedling survival rates are high for E. alatus and because the species is long-lived, cultivars will likely have to be completely seed-sterile to be considered non-invasive according to demographic models.

scholarly journals Nitrate and dissolved nitrous oxide in groundwater within cropped fields and riparian buffers

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 651-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.-G. Kim ◽  
T. M. Isenhart ◽  
T. B. Parkin ◽  
R. C. Schultz ◽  
T. E. Loynachan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Riparian Buffers ◽  
Riparian Buffer ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
N2o Flux ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Ipcc Methodology ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Abstract. Transport and fate of dissolved nitrous oxide (N2O) in groundwater and its significance to nitrogen dynamics within agro-ecosystems are poorly known in spite of significant potential of N2O to global warming and ozone depletion. Increasing denitrification in riparian buffers may trade a reduction in nitrate (NO3−) transport to surface waters for increased N2O emissions resulting from denitrification-produced N2O dissolved in groundwater being emitted into the air when groundwater flows into a stream or a river. This study quantifies the transport and fate of NO3− and dissolved N2O moving from crop fields through riparian buffers, assesses whether groundwater exported from crop fields and riparian buffers is a significant source of dissolved N2O emissions, and evaluates the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology to estimate dissolved N2O emission. We measured concentrations of NO3−; chloride (Cl−); pH; dissolved N2O, dissolved oxygen (DO), and organic carbon (DOC) in groundwater under a multi-species riparian buffer, a cool-season grass filter, and adjacent crop fields located in the Bear Creek watershed in central Iowa, USA. In both the multi-species riparian buffer and the cool-season grass filter, concentrations of dissolved N2O in the groundwater did not change as it passed through the sites, even when the concentrations of groundwater NO3− were decreased by 50% and 59%, respectively, over the same periods. The fraction of N lost to leaching and runoff (0.05) and the modified N2O emission factor, [ratio of dissolved N2O flux to N input (0.00002)] determined for the cropped fields indicate that the current IPCC methodology overestimates dissolved N2O flux in the sites. A low ratio between dissolved N2O flux and soil N2O emission (0.0003) was estimated in the cropped fields. These results suggest that the riparian buffers established adjacent to crop fields for water quality functions (enhanced denitrification) decreased NO3− and were not a source of dissolved N2O. Also, the flux of dissolved N2O from the cropped field was negligible in comparison to soil N2O emission in the crop fields.

scholarly journals Genotypic Variation of Morphological Traits in Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Accessions

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-516
Author(s):  
Yanhong Lou ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
Qingguo Xu ◽  
Xunzhong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Spike Length ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Wild Accessions ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Tall fescue is an important cool-season grass widely used for forage and turf, and its genotypic variation for morphological traits has not been well documented. One hundred and fifteen tall fescue accessions, including 25 commercial cultivars, were divided into five groups based on their origination. The morphological traits, including plant height, spike length, pulvinus distance, spikelet count, branch count per spike, spike count per plant, and spike weight in different accessions were determined under field conditions in 2013 and 2014. There was significant genotypic variation in morphological traits among the 115 tall fescue accessions. Wild accessions exhibited a greater variation in the morphological traits than commercial cultivars. Close correlations were found among plant height, spike length, pulvinus distance, and spikelet count. The results of this suggest plant height, spike length, pulvinus distance, and spikelet count could be used as key morphological traits for evaluating all fescue germplasm effectively.

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