scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Influences on General Skin Traits: Healthy Twins and Families in Korea

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Ju Suh ◽  
Jeonghyun Shin ◽  
Moonil Kang ◽  
Hyun Ju Park ◽  
Kayoung Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Family Study ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Variance Component Method ◽  
Melanin Index ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
Sebum Secretion

Family study can provide estimates of overall genetic influences on a particular trait because family relationships provide accurate measures of average genetic sharing. However, evidence of genetic contributions to skin phenotypes is limited, which may preclude genetic studies to identify genetic variants or to understand underlying molecular biology of skin traits. This study aimed to estimate genetic and environmental contributions to selected dermatologic phenotypes, that is, to melanin index, sebum secretion, and skin humidity level in a Korean twin-family cohort. We investigated more than 2,000 individuals from 486 families, including 388 monozygotic twin pairs and 82 dizygotic twin pairs. Variance component method was used to estimate genetic influences in terms of heritability. Heritability of skin melanin index, sebum secretion, and skin humidity (arm and cheek) were estimated to be 0.44 [95% CI 0.38–0.49], 0.21 [95% CI 0.16–0.26], 0.13 [95% CI 0.07–0.18], and 0.11 [95% CI 0.06–0.16] respectively, after adjusting for confounding factors. Our findings suggest that genetics play a major role on skin melanin index, but only mild roles on sebum secretion and humidity. Sebum secretion and skin humidity are controlled predominantly by environmental factors notably on shared environments among family members. We expect that our findings add insight to determinants of common dermatologic traits, and serve as a reference for biologic studies.

scholarly journals DSM-IV defined conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: an investigation of shared liability in female twins

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1053-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Knopik ◽  
L. C. Bidwell ◽  
C. Flessner ◽  
N. Nugent ◽  
L. Swenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant Disorder ◽  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Shared Genetic

BackgroundDSM-IV specifies a hierarchal diagnostic structure such that an oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) diagnosis is applied only if criteria are not met for conduct disorder (CD). Genetic studies of ODD and CD support a combination of shared genetic and environmental influences but largely ignore the imposed diagnostic structure.MethodWe examined whether ODD and CD share an underlying etiology while accounting for DSM-IV diagnostic specifications. Data from 1446 female twin pairs, aged 11–19 years, were fitted to two-stage models adhering to the DSM-IV diagnostic hierarchy.ResultsThe models suggested that DSM-IV ODD–CD covariation is attributed largely to shared genetic influences.ConclusionsThis is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine genetic and environmental overlap among these disorders while maintaining a DSM-IV hierarchical structure. The findings reflect primarily shared genetic influences and specific (i.e. uncorrelated) shared/familial environmental effects on these DSM-IV-defined behaviors. These results have implications for how best to define CD and ODD for future genetically informed analyses.

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Loneliness in Children

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 487-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley McGuire ◽  
Jeanie Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Dizygotic Twin ◽  
Adoptive Families ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Full Sibling ◽  
Loneliness Scale ◽  
Sibling Design ◽  
Significant Heritability ◽  
Adoption Design

This report presents the results of the first behavioral genetic studies of children's loneliness. Data were collected using both an adoption design and a twin-sibling design. As part of the Colorado Adoption Project, 133 sibling pairs (69 biologically related pairs and 64 unrelated pairs in adoptive families) completed a general loneliness scale when they were 9, 10, 11, and 12 years old. As part of the San Diego Sibling Study, 142 sibling pairs (22 monozygotic twin, 40 dizygotic twin, and 80 full-sibling pairs) between the ages of 8 and 14 years old completed a scale assessing loneliness at school. Both studies showed significant heritability and nonshared environmental influences for children's loneliness.

Associations between insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-binding protein-1, insulin and other metabolic measures after controlling for genetic influences: results from middle-aged and elderly monozygotic twins

1997 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Hong ◽  
K Brismar ◽  
K Hall ◽  
N L Pedersen ◽  
U de Faire
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Igf Binding Protein

Abstract It has previously been shown that the serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), and insulin are influenced by genetic effects to various degrees. From a clinical and preventive point of view, however, it is important to identify potentially modifiable non-genetic factors influencing the levels of these measures. Because monozygotic twin pairs share the same genetic background, differences in phenotypic levels within monozygotic twin pairs are believed to be due to non-genetic influences. Accordingly, the associations between intrapair differences in one phenotype and intrapair differences in another phenotype are also due to non-genetic influences. The present sample of 97 pairs of monozygotic twins from the population-based Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA) provided the opportunity to assess non-genetic influences on the levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-1, and insulin. Several metabolic measures were found to account for the variation of IGF-I, IGFBP-1, and insulin after controlling for the genetic influences. IGFBP-1 and glucose were significant predictors for the levels of IGF-I. IGFBP-1 and glucose together explained about one quarter of the non-genetic variation of IGF-I. However, when IGFBP-1 was dropped from the regression model, insulin was the only independent predictor of IGF-I, and explained about 19% of the non-genetic variation for IGF-I. For IGFBP-1, insulin and IGF-I were the significant non-genetic predictors. Insulin and IGF-I explained about 28 and 8% respectively of the non-genetic variation for IGFBP-1, while for insulin, IGF-I, triglycerides, body height, glucose, and body mass index (BMI) explained approximately 20, 12, 6, 5 and 5% respectively of the non-genetic variation. Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 153, 251–257

scholarly journals A Reevaluation of the 1990 “Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart” IQ Study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dizygotic Twin ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
Iq Scores

In 1990, Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr. and colleagues published the widely cited 1990 “Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart” (MISTRA) Science IQ study. To arrive at the conclusion that “IQ is strongly affected by genetic factors,” Bouchard and colleagues omitted their control group reared-apart dizygotic twin (“DZA”) IQ-score correlations. Near-full-sample correlations published after the study’s 2000 endpoint show that the reared-apart monozygotic twin (“MZA”) and DZA group IQ correlations did not differ at a statistically significant level, suggesting that the study failed the first step in determining that IQ scores are influenced by heredity. After bypassing the model-fitting technique they used in most non-IQ MISTRA studies, the researchers assumed that the MZA group IQ-score correlation alone “directly estimates heritability.” This method was based on unsupported assumptions by the researchers, and they largely overlooked the confounding influence of cohort effects. Bouchard and colleagues then decided to count most environmental influences they did recognize as genetic influences. I conclude that the MISTRA IQ study failed to discover genetic influences on IQ scores and cognitive ability across the studied population, and that the study should be evaluated in the context of psychology’s replication problem.

The Genetics of Gambling and Behavioral Addictions

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 931-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela S.S. Lobo ◽  
James L. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Behavioral Addictions ◽  
Psychiatric Genetics ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Genetic Studies

ABSTRACTBehavioral addictions are considered as the repetitive occurrence of impulsive behaviors without consideration of their potential negative consequences. These addictions represent an increasing cost to society and are an important new field of research in psychiatric genetics. There has been a growing body of evidence on the familial aggregation and genetic influences on the development of behavioral addictions and mainly on pathological gambling. The aim of this article is to critically review findings of family and molecular genetic studies on behavioral addictions, focusing on pathological gambling and commenting on other disorders where appropriate. This review provides a comprehensive approach to genetic studies on behavioral addiction and points out the necessity of expanding the genetic research in this field. Future directions for genetic studies in this field are also discussed.

Introduction and Overview of Statistical Approaches to Gene × Environment Interactions for Complex Phenotypes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Windle
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Biological Pathway ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Individualized Intervention ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Complex Phenotypes ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Statistical Approaches

This chapter provides an introduction and overview of important issues that served as motivations for this book. For many complex phenotypes (e.g., depression, diabetes, obesity, substance use), there is substantial evidence that while genetic influences are important, so are environmental influences; moreover, there is substantial evidence from both behavior genetic studies (e.g., twin and adoptee studies) and molecular genetic studies (both human and infrahuman) that genes commonly interact with environmental factors in predicting complex phenotypes. The fields of genomics and other –omics (e.g., proteomics, metabolomics) provide exciting opportunities to advance science and foster the goals of public health and a more individualized intervention approach (e.g., precision medicine). The goals of these more individualized approaches would benefit greatly not only by advances in genomics and other –omics, but also by incorporating information both on environments and their interactions with genomic and other biological material and regulatory processes (e.g., environmental signal to biological pathway responses). Such findings would thereby offer more flexible guidance to a broader range of prevention, intervention, and treatment targets, and facilitate more tailored programs based on a fuller complement of G and E influences.

scholarly journals Genetic profiling of Vietnamese population from large-scale genomic analysis of non-invasive prenatal testing data

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngoc Hieu Tran ◽  
Thanh Binh Vo ◽  
Van Thong Nguyen ◽  
Nhat-Thang Tran ◽  
Thu-Huong Nhat Trinh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allele Frequency ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Prenatal Testing ◽  
Allele Frequency Distribution ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Vietnamese Population

Abstract The under-representation of several ethnic groups in existing genetic databases and studies have undermined our understanding of the genetic variations and associated traits or diseases in many populations. Cost and technology limitations remain the challenges in performing large-scale genome sequencing projects in many developing countries, including Vietnam. As one of the most rapidly adopted genetic tests, non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) data offers an alternative untapped resource for genetic studies. Here we performed a large-scale genomic analysis of 2683 pregnant Vietnamese women using their NIPT data and identified a comprehensive set of 8,054,515 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, among which 8.2% were new to the Vietnamese population. Our study also revealed 24,487 disease-associated genetic variants and their allele frequency distribution, especially 5 pathogenic variants for prevalent genetic disorders in Vietnam. We also observed major discrepancies in the allele frequency distribution of disease-associated genetic variants between the Vietnamese and other populations, thus highlighting a need for genome-wide association studies dedicated to the Vietnamese population. The resulted database of Vietnamese genetic variants, their allele frequency distribution, and their associated diseases presents a valuable resource for future genetic studies.

Thromboplastin-thrombomodulin-mediated Time and Serum Folate Levels Are Genetically Correlated with the Risk of Thromboembolic Disease: Results from the GAIT Project

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (01) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Almasy ◽  
Montserrat Borrell ◽  
William Stone ◽  
Francisco Blanco-Vaca ◽  
José Soria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Glycoprotein I ◽  
Covariate Effects ◽  
Thrombosis Risk ◽  
Variance Component Method ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Joint Consideration ◽  
Genetic Contributions

SummaryThe GAIT (Genetic Analysis of Idiopathic Thrombophilia) Project is a family-based study dedicated to elucidating the genetic basis of hemostasis-related phenotypes and thrombosis risk. In this paper, we have examined several lesser-studied hemostasis-related phenotypes in the 21 GAIT families: levels of vitamin B12, serum folate, whole blood folate, α 2-antiplasmin, prekallikrein, β2-glycoprotein I, soluble P-selectin, factor XIII A and B subunits and a new coagulation measurement based on thromboplastin time in the presence or absence of thrombomodulin. Using the variance component method, we estimated the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences on these phenotypes. In addition, we calculated the genetic correlations between thrombosis risk and each of these phenotypes.All 12 phenotypes showed significant genetic contributions with genes accounting for 22% to 78% of the variance after correction for covariate effects. Four phenotypes (three traits involving thromboplastin-thrombomodulin mediated coagulation time and serum folate) exhibited significant genetic correlations with thrombosis. Thus, some of the genes that influence quantitative variation in these physiological phenotypes also influence the risk of thrombosis.The high heritabilities and significant genetic correlations between thrombosis and some risk factors suggest that joint consideration of correlated quantitative phenotypes will aid in identifying susceptibility genes.

Parental and child genetic contributions to obesity traits in early life based on 83 loci validated in adults: the FAMILY study

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Li ◽  
S. Robiou-du-Pont ◽  
S. S. Anand ◽  
K. M. Morrison ◽  
S. D. McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Family Study ◽  
The Family ◽  
Genetic Contributions

The Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (NEAD) Project: A Longitudinal Family Study of Twins and Siblings from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenae M. Neiderhiser ◽  
David Reiss ◽  
E. Mavis Hetherington
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Development ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Late Adolescence ◽  
Adolescent Adjustment ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Family Interactions ◽  
Nonshared Environment

AbstractThe Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (NEAD) project is a longitudinal study of twins/siblings and parents that has been assessed 3 times: middle adolescence, late adolescence and young adulthood (N = 720 families at Time 1). Siblings varied in degree of genetic relatedness including identical twins, fraternal twins, full siblings, half siblings and genetically unrelated (or step) siblings. There were also two family types: nondivorced and step. A multimeasure, multirater approach was taken in NEAD, with data collected from all participants (2 twins or siblings, mother and father) as well as from coded videotaped observations of family interactions. Detailed assessments of family relationships, adolescent adjustment and competence were collected at all 3 times. The original aim of NEAD was to identify systematic sources of nonshared environmental influences that contribute to differences among family members. Although systematic sources of nonshared environmental influences were not found in NEAD, three major sets of findings emerged: (1) genetic influences on family relationships and on associations between family relationships and adolescent adjustment; (2) genetic and environmental influences on adolescent adjustment, comorbidity and stability and change in adolescent adjustment from middle to late adolescence; and (3) genetic influences on relationships outside the family.

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