Heritability of DUI Convictions: A Twin Study of Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel A. Anum ◽  
Judy Silberg ◽  
Sheldon M. Retchin
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Drunk Driving ◽  
Driving Under The Influence ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Twin Registry ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Males And Females

Background: The study was undertaken to assess the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences on drunk-driving. Methods: Driving records of a cohort of male and female twins (N = 17,360) from the Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry were examined. Structural equation models were used to estimate the magnitude of genetic and environmental effects on male and female phenotypes, and test for gender differences. Results: There were significant gender and age effects. Compared with females, males were five times more likely to engage in driving under the influence. Among persons aged 21–49 years, the risk for drunk-driving was eight times that for those aged 50+ years and five times greater than those ≤20 years. In both males and females, aged 21–49 years, a large proportion (57%) of the variance in drunk-driving was due to genetic factors and the remaining 43% due to individual specific environmental influences. Conclusions: Drunk-driving is under significant genetic influence in both males and females. Our findings suggest that a different set of genes influence DUIs in men and women.

scholarly journals Effects of herbivory and its timing on reproductive success of a tropical deciduous tree

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 957-969
Author(s):  
Enya N Quiroz-Pacheco ◽  
Francisco Mora ◽  
Karina Boege ◽  
César A Domínguez ◽  
Ek del-Val
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Herbivore Damage ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background and Aims The implications of herbivory for plant reproduction have been widely studied; however, the relationship of defoliation and reproductive success is not linear, as there are many interacting factors that may influence reproductive responses to herbivore damage. In this study we aimed to disentangle how the timing of foliar damage impacts both male and female components of fitness, and to assess when it has greater impacts on plant reproductive success. Methods We measured herbivore damage and its effects on floral production, male and female floral attributes as well as fruit yield in three different phenological phases of Casearia nitida (Salicaceae) over the course of two consecutive years. Then we tested two models of multiple causal links among herbivory and reproductive success using piecewise structural equation models. Key Results The effects of leaf damage differed between reproductive seasons and between male and female components of fitness. Moreover, the impact of herbivory extended beyond the year when it was exerted. The previous season’s cumulated foliar damage had the largest impact on reproductive characters, in particular a negative effect on the numbers of inflorescences, flowers and pollen grains, indirectly affecting the numbers of infructescences and fruits, and a positive one on the amount of foliar damage during flowering. Conclusions For perennial and proleptic species, the dynamics of resource acquisition and allocation patterns for reproduction promote and extend the effects of herbivore damage to longer periods than a single reproductive event and growing season, through the interactions among different components of female and male fitness.

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Correlations between Traits of Metabolic Syndrome and CKD

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1590-1596
Author(s):  
Xu Chen ◽  
Istiak Bhuiyan ◽  
Ralf Kuja-Halkola ◽  
Patrik K. E. Magnusson ◽  
Per Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Population Based ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Genes And Environment

Background and objectivesMetabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors associated with CKD. By studying the genetic and environmental influences on how traits of metabolic syndrome correlate with CKD, the understanding of the etiological relationships can be improved.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsFrom the population-based TwinGene project within the Swedish Twin Registry, 4721 complete twin pairs (9442 European ancestry participants) were included in this cross-sectional twin study. Metabolic syndrome-related continuous traits were measured, and the binary components as well as the status of metabolic syndrome were defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III. The eGFR was calculated by cystatin C-based equations from the CKD epidemiology collaboration group, and CKD was defined by eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Genetic and environmental contributions to the correlations between traits of metabolic syndrome and CKD were estimated by using twin-based bivariate structural equation models.ResultsThe correlation between metabolic syndrome and eGFR-defined CKD was 0.16 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.12 to 0.20), out of which 51% (95% CI, 12% to 90%) was explained by genes, whereas 15% (95% CI, 0% to 42%) and 34% (95% CI, 16% to 52%) was explained by the shared and nonshared environment, respectively. The genetic and environmental correlations between metabolic syndrome and CKD were 0.29 (95% CI, 0.07 to 0.51) and 0.27 (95% CI, 0.13 to 0.41), respectively. For the correlation between abdominal obesity and eGFR, 69% (95% CI, 10% to 100%) was explained by genes and 23% (95% CI, 5% to 41%) was explained by environment. The genetic correlation between abdominal obesity and eGFR was −0.30 (95% CI, −0.54 to −0.06), whereas the environmental correlation was −0.14 (95% CI, −0.22 to −0.06).ConclusionsBoth genes and environment contribute to the correlation between metabolic syndrome and eGFR-defined CKD. The genetic contribution is particularly important to the correlation between abdominal obesity and eGFR.

scholarly journals WHISTLEBLOWING INTENTION DITINJAU DARI JENIS KELAMIN DAN UMUR

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Indriyana Puspitosari
Keyword(s):  
Total Sample ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Over 40 Years ◽  
Whistleblowing Intention

AbstractBefore someone does whistleblowing, the intention first appears. This study aims to examine whether there are differences in intention to report fraud in terms of gender and age. The respondents of this study were BPK RI auditors from Central Java, with a total sample of 74. The gender variable was divided into two, male and female, while the age variable was divided into under 40 years and over 40 years. The test results show that there are significant differences between males and females regarding their intention to do whistleblowing. The second result is that there is no significant difference between the intention of young auditors and old auditors to conduct whistleblowing. Keywords: Whistleblowing intention, Gender, Age   AbstrakSebelum seseorang melakukan whistleblowing, niat terlebih dahulu muncul. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji apakah terdapat perbedaan niat untuk melaporkan kecurangan dilihat dari jenis kelamin dan usia. Responden penelitian ini adalah para auditor BPK RI perwakilan Jawa Tengah dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 74. Variabel Jenis kelamin dibagi menjadi dua yaitu laki-laki dan perempuan, sedangkan variabel usia dibagi menjadi di bawah usia 40 tahun dan di atas usia 40 tahun. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara laki-laki dan perempuan mengenai niat mereka untuk melakukan whistleblowing. Hasil yang kedua yaitu tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara keinginan auditor yang berusia muda dan auditor yang berusia tua untuk melakukan whistleblowing. Kata Kunci: Whistleblowing intention, Jenis Kelamin, Umur 

scholarly journals Heritability of Type 2 Diabetes in the Washington State Twin Registry

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ally R. Avery ◽  
Glen E. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Twin Registry ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Adult Twins

AbstractApproximately 12% of U.S. adults have type 2 diabetes (T2D). Diagnosed T2D is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors including age and lifestyle. In adults 45 years and older, the Discordant Twin (DISCOTWIN) consortium of twin registries from Europe and Australia showed a moderate-to-high contribution of genetic factors of T2D with a pooled heritability of 72%. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contributions of genetic and environmental factors of T2D in twins 45 years and older in a U.S. twin cohort (Washington State Twin Registry, WSTR) and compare the estimates to the DISCOTWIN consortium. We also compared these estimates with twins under the age of 45. Data were obtained from 2692 monozygotic (MZ) and same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs over 45 and 4217 twin pairs under 45 who responded to the question ‘Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with (type 2) diabetes?’ Twin similarity was analyzed using both tetrachoric correlations and structural equation modeling. Overall, 9.4% of MZ and 14.7% of DZ twins over the age of 45 were discordant for T2D in the WSTR, compared to 5.1% of MZ and 8% of DZ twins in the DISCOTWIN consortium. Unlike the DISCOTWIN consortium in which heritability was 72%, heritability was only 52% in the WSTR. In twins under the age of 45, heritability did not contribute to the variance in T2D. In a U.S. sample of adult twins, environmental factors appear to be increasingly important in the development of T2D.

scholarly journals The Role of PTSD, Depression, and Alcohol Misuse Symptom Severity in Linking Deployment Stressor Exposure and Post-Military Work and Family Outcomes in Male and Female Veterans

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian N. Smith ◽  
Emily C. Taverna ◽  
Annie B. Fox ◽  
Paula P. Schnurr ◽  
Rebecca A. Matteo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Alcohol Misuse ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Family Outcomes

Exposure to stressors during military deployment puts veterans at risk for reduced post-military quality of life. Stress-related mental health problems may lead to decreased well-being within work and family domains, yet few studies have explored associations in the context of gender. We examined relationships between deployment stressors and post-military functioning and satisfaction in the domains of work and family, with a focus on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and alcohol misuse symptomatology as potential mediators. Participants included 522 male and female Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans assessed longitudinally. Structural equation models supported several direct and indirect pathways linking deployment stressors to work and family outcomes for both men and women. PTSD had an important role in these associations. Depression also played a significant role, particularly for women. These findings build on prior research by elucidating potential gender-specific risk, which may be applied to better tailor services to veterans’ unique needs.

Assessment of genetic and environmental influences on differential ratings of within-family experiences and relationships in twins

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. CARBONNEAU ◽  
M. RUTTER ◽  
J. L. SILBERG ◽  
E. SIMONOFF ◽  
L. J. EAVES
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Risk Exposure ◽  
Family Experiences ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
School Population ◽  
Differential Parenting ◽  
The Family ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Background. Although there is evidence that genetic factors influence individual differences in environmental risk exposure, there are few findings on genetic effects on differential parenting. The present study sought to examine this issue.Methods. The sample comprised 1117 pairs of like-sex male and female twins, aged 8–16 years, and their parents, recruited from the school population of Virginia. Differential ratings of the within-family experiences were provided by the Twin Inventory of Relationships and Experiences (TIRE).Results. Dimensions describing the within-family environment based on differential ratings contrasting the twins with one another, were influenced, to an approximately equal extent, by both genetic and environmental factors.Conclusions. The findings suggest that genetic differences between like-sex siblings lead them to experience their family environment differently, but also that environmental influences significantly affect interactions within the family.

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Influences on Finger-Sucking and Nail-Biting in Japanese Twin Children

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syuichi Ooki
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Medical Interview ◽  
Total Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Nail Biting ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Twin Children ◽  
Variance Explained

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to clarify the genetic contribution to finger-sucking and nail- biting in childhood using the largest databases available on Japanese twins. The subjects were 1131 pairs of 12-year-old twin children, consisting of 1057 males and 1205 females. All data were gathered by maternal questionnaire, and responses to the questionnaire were checked in the medical interview. The prevalence of finger-sucking between 0 to 2 years was 40% in males and 43% in females (p = .0053). The prevalence of nail-biting up until the age of 12 years was 28% in males and 26% in females (nonsignificant). Concordance rates and polychoric correlations were all higher in monozygotic pairs than in dizygotic pairs, irrespective of the sex combination. Univariate and bivariate genetic analyses using structural equation modeling was performed. The results showed that the proportion of total phenotypic variance attributable to genetic influences was 66% in males and 50% in females for finger-sucking, and 50% in both males and females for nail-biting. A co-occurrence of finger-sucking and nail-biting was observed in 17.7% of males (tetrachoric correlation: r = .40) and 15.7% of females (r = .32), which was attributed partly to common genetic or environmental factors. The proportion of total shared variance explained by genetic factors was 67%.

scholarly journals The amplification of genetic factors for early vocabulary during children’s language and literacy development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Verhoef ◽  
Chin Yang Shapland ◽  
Simon E. Fisher ◽  
Philip S. Dale ◽  
Beate St Pourcain
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Receptive Language ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Language And Literacy

AbstractThe heritability of language and literacy skills increases during development. The underlying mechanisms are little understood, and may involve (i) the amplification of early genetic influences and/or (ii) the emergence of novel genetic factors (innovation). Here, we use multivariate structural equation models to quantify these processes, as captured by genome-wide genetic markers. Studying expressive and receptive vocabulary at 38 months and subsequent language, literacy and cognitive skills (7-13 years) in unrelated children (ALSPAC: N≤6,092), we found little support for genetic innovation during mid-childhood and adolescence. Instead, genetic factors for early vocabulary, especially those unique to receptive skills, were amplified. Explaining as little as 3.9%(SE=1.8%) variation in early language, the same genetic influences accounted for 25.7%(SE=6.4%) to 45.1%(SE=7.6%) variation in verbal intelligence and literacy skills, but also performance intelligence, capturing the majority of SNP-heritability (≤99%). This suggests that complex verbal and non-verbal cognitive skills originate developmentaly in early receptive language.

scholarly journals A Parent-Twin Study of Plasma Levels of Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein (HRG)

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (05) ◽  
pp. 848-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
D I Boomsma ◽  
B C Hennis ◽  
A G M van Wees ◽  
R R Frants ◽  
C Kluft
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Coagulation And Fibrinolysis ◽  
Husband And Wife

SummaryHistidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) is a non-enzymatic glycoprotein that acts as a modulator of several plasma proteins involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis. The contributions of genetic and environmental influences to inter-individual variation in plasma levels of HRG were studied in 160 Dutch families consisting of adolescent twin pairs and their parents. Results showed that 69% of the variance in plasma HRG concentrations could be accounted for by genetic factors. Heritability was the same in males and females and in parents and their offspring. There was no association between HRG levels of husband and wife and no evidence was found for the influence of shared family environment on the resemblance between relatives.

scholarly journals Evidence for a Substantial Genetic Influence on Biochemical Liver Function Tests: Results from a Population-based Danish Twin Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Bathum ◽  
Hans Christian Petersen ◽  
Jens-Ulrik Rosholm ◽  
Per Hyltoft Petersen ◽  
James Vaupel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Liver Function Tests ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Function Tests ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Danish Twin

Abstract Background: Biochemical liver function tests are widely used in the clinic and are some of the most frequently used tests in screening for diseases in older age groups. The aim of the present study was to estimate the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors to variations in these tests among the elderly. Methods: We conducted a survey among Danish twins, 73–102 years of age, identified in the population-based Danish Twin Registry. Among the 2749 individuals in the study population, an interview was conducted with 79%. From these, a blood sample was collected from 290 same-sex twin pairs, total of 580 subjects, within a 6-month period and analyzed for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), bilirubin, and albumin. The interview included questions about alcohol consumption and body mass index (BMI; self-calculated height and weight). Heritability (proportion of the population variance attributable to genetic variation) was estimated using structural-equation analyses before and after correction for alcohol consumption and BMI. Results: Structural-equation analyses revealed a substantial heritability (35–61%) for the four biochemical liver function tests: ALT, GGT, LDH, and bilirubin. The remaining variation could be attributed to individuals’ nonfamilial environments. Adjustment for alcohol consumption and BMI had no influence on the heritability for ALT, GGT, LDH, and bilirubin. For albumin, two models fit equally well before adjustment for alcohol and BMI: a model including additive genetic and nonshared environmental factors (AE), and a model including shared and nonshared environmental factors (CE). After adjustment, the model including shared and nonshared environment was clearly the best fitting model. Conclusions: For both males and females, the effect of genetic factors on the biochemical liver function tests ALT, GGT, LDH, and bilirubin is substantial and accounts for one-third to two-thirds of the variation among individuals 73–102 years of age. The heritability is equal for males and females and does not change notably after controlling for alcohol consumption and BMI. For albumin, no major impact of genetic factors was found independent of BMI and alcohol consumption. An understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying biochemical liver function tests among the very old may be of value in the interpretation of these tests in this age group.

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