scholarly journals Legal regime sustainability in outer space: theory and practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry F. Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Space Theory ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
The Road ◽  
Hard Law ◽  
Sustainable System

Non-technical abstract Sustainable access to outer space is increasingly threatened by growing orbital clouds of satellites and debris. A boom in competitively priced commercial rocket launches has lowered prices, prompting satellite operators to begin deploying thousands of satellites. Six decades ago, ‘hard law’ international treaties established governance for outer space designed for the few governmental space programmes. Today, non-governmental commercial entities are operating under voluntary ‘soft law’ rules of the road that expose the deficiencies of the original treaties to empower regulatory supervision of the expanding commercial orbital presence. This paper suggests how a ‘sustainable’ system of governance, required for sustainable space access and exploration, may be promoted by increasing the costs of non-compliance.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study on Soft Law: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Barbara BOSCHETTI ◽  
Maria Daniela POLI
Keyword(s):  
Legal Theory ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Hard Law ◽  
Regulatory Strategies ◽  
Key Topics ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract This article aims to map how soft law tools have complemented and supported the overall regulatory strategies implemented by European countries to counter the Covid-19 crisis (the soft law atlas), to shed light on some key topics of general interest for legal theory and practice: how soft law tools interact and complement one another including on different levels (the soft law web), how soft law tools interact and complement the sources of pandemic law (the interplay between soft and hard law), and the positive and negative impacts on governance and policy-making of soft law tools during the pandemic and beyond (soft law bright and dark sides).

scholarly journals PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN UDARA LINTAS BATAS DALAM PERSPEKTIF PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL

Yuridika ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suparto Wijoyo
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Global Community ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
Transboundary Air Pollution ◽  
Hard Law ◽  
Legal Document ◽  
Strong Commitment

International treaties in the field of protection of atmosphere and trans-boundary air pollution that qualified as ‘soft law’ and ‘hard law’ legal document has developed since 1919 until at present. From the Study on the International treaties, it can be known that the global community has strong commitment to the problem of protection of atmosphere and trans-boundary air pollution. Unfortunately, it can be concluded, that those international treaties is so fragmented and therefore, is difficult to be implemented comparing with instrument of international environmental law in general.Keyword: international treaties, protection of atmosphere, transboundary air pollution

scholarly journals Právní režim přírodních zdrojů na nebeských tělesech

AUC IURIDICA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-166
Author(s):  
Šimon Pepřík
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
International Law ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Moon ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Outer Space Treaty

The aim of this article is to describe the legal regime of the natural resources of celestial bodies. In recent months and years, there has been an increase in debates regarding mining on the moon and asteroids. This article is dedicated to the analysis of the legal regime of such activities. In particular, whether such activities are possible from the point of view of international law, how they are regulated and what are the potential future developments in this area. The article offers an analysis and comparison of the legal regime governing the natural resources of celestial bodies based on the Outer Space Treaty and the Moon Agreement, respectively. The Moon Agreement is given special attention despite its limited international significance, and arguments are presented in favour of its possible recognition by more states in the future. In both cases, arguments are presented that the non-appropriation principle regarding the outer space and celestial bodies, as expressed in both international treaties, does not apply to the natural resources.

scholarly journals Rezim Hukum Khusus Atas Orbit Geostasioner (GSO) (Prospek dan Tantangan)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75
Author(s):  
Anjar Supriadhie
Keyword(s):  
System Theory ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
Hard Law

Pemanfaatan dan penggunaan GSO sampai dengan saat ini oleh negara berkembang khususnya negara-negara khatulistiwa dinilai masih menjadi masalah karena belum mencerminkan rasionalitas yang berkeadilan. Perjuangan oleh negara-negara berkembang termasuk didalamnya negara-negara khatulistiwa yang terus diupayakan melalui UNCOPUOS (United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space) adalah agar ditetapkannya “suatu rezim hukum khusus”. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana prospek dan tantangan negara-negara dalam mewujudkan rezim hukum khusus. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan analisa pendekatan konsep dan peraturan perundang-undangan/konvensi serta teori sistim hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa substansi isi rezim hukum khusus masih berupa usulan perspektif dari negara-negara berkembang termasuk didalamnya negara khatulistiwa yang menginginkan adanya pemberian hak lebih dan adil pada negara yang memiliki karakteristik khusus dan memiliki keterbatasan kemampuan dan sampai saat ini belum pernah ada negara yang mengusulkan wujud atau bentuk hukum internasional seperti apa yang akan diperuntukkan untuk pengaturannya. Berdasarkan hal ini, prospek negara-negara dalam perjuangan untuk mewujudkan adanya suatu rejim hukum khusus dalam forum UNCOPUOS dalam bentuk didasarkan pendekatan teori sistim (aspek kelembagaan hukum, substansi hukum maupun budaya hukum), sulit akan berhasil. Bentuk formil pengaturan internasional sebagai rejim hukum khusus GSO agar dapat memberikan kepastian hukum bagi negara-negara apabila dapat terbentuk adalah dalam bentuk atau berupa suatu hukum tertulis/ hard Law.Until today, the exploitation and use of GSO by developing countries especially equatorial states is still considered a problem because it does not reflect a just rationality. The effort by the developing countries including the equatorial states, which continue to be pursued through UNCOPUOS (United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space), is to enact the sui generis regime. The purpose of this research is to find out the prospects and challenges faced by the countries in pursuing such effort. This research is legal normative research by using conceptual approach analysis and statutory or convention as well as legal system theory. The result revealed that the substances of the sui generis regime is still a proposed perspective of developing countries, including the equatorial state that wants the granting of more and fairer rights in a country that has special characteristics and has limited capabilities, and until now there has never been a country that proposed a form or international legal form will be destined for its arrangement. The conclusion of this research is that the prospects of countries in the effort to enact a special legal regime in the UNCOPUOS forum in the form based on system theory approach (legal institutional aspects, legal substance and legal culture), is difficult to achieve. Formal form of international regulation as GSO’s sui generis regime in order to provide legal certainty for countries if possible is in the form of Hard Law.

scholarly journals Killing me Softly? Scrutinising the Role of Soft Law in Greece’s Response to COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Evangelia (Lilian) TSOURDI ◽  
Niovi VAVOULA
Keyword(s):  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Hard Law ◽  
Primary Basis ◽  
Full Swing ◽  
Second Wave

Greece emerged as the EU’s poster child in the fight against COVID-19 during the first few months of the pandemic. In this contribution, we assess Greece’s use of soft regulation in its regulatory response to COVID-19. Using “acts of legislative content”, which can be broadly conceptualised as softly adopted hard law, the Greek government largely achieved flexibility and simplified adoption procedures without having to resort to soft law per se. The role of soft law was limited - it complemented hard law rather than constituting the primary basis of COVID-19 restrictions - but not completely negligible. Soft law instruments regulated the processing of personal data, and was also pivotal in clarifying the criminal sanctioning of COVID-related rule violations. Greece’s success in handling the first wave of the pandemic, while effective, was arguably unfair to asylum seekers who saw their right to apply for asylum curtailed, and their right to freedom of movement restricted when limitations on the rest of the population were lifted. With a second wave of infections currently in full swing, it is imperative to keep scrutinising regulatory responses to ensure that they place the health and dignity of every individual (whoever they might be) at their core and fully respect their fundamental rights.

Nuclear Powers' Disarmament Obligation under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: Interactions between Soft Law and Hard Law

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALESSANDRA PIETROBON
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Nuclear Test ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Legal Obligation ◽  
Hard Law ◽  
The Us ◽  
Test Ban ◽  
Nuclear Test Ban ◽  
Test Ban Treaty

AbstractThe Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) will not be effective until all the 44 states listed in its Annex 2 ratify it. A special link has been established between the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the CTBT. The disarmament obligation set by Article VI of the NPT, which has not yet been complied with, remains highly controversial. The relevant subsequent practice of the states parties to the NPT shows that the ratification of the CTBT is to be considered the first of the practical steps towards compliance with Article VI. However, as the practical steps do not set any legally binding norms, there is no legal obligation to ratify the CTBT, not even for the 44 states listed in Annex 2 whose ratification is essential. The paper deals with the position of nuclear powers party to the NPT that have not yet ratified the CTBT (most prominently the US and China) and demonstrates that these states should at least provide detailed motivation for their conduct. Otherwise, other states parties to the NPT could consider them as not complying in good faith with Article VI of the NPT and invoke the inadimplenti non est ademplendum rule to justify breaches of their own obligations under the same treaty.

scholarly journals International protection of persons with mental disabilities

Temida ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Zoran Radivojevic ◽  
Nebojsa Raicevic
Keyword(s):  
Soft Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Mental Disabilities ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Status ◽  
Special Protection

In International law, the status of persons with mental disabilities is regulated within the framework on the protection of persons with disabilities. Their rights are protected not only by international treaties comprising legal provisions of binding character for the parties but also by means of the so-called "soft law" comprising international documents which are not legally binding. Most of the general and subject specific treaties on human rights do not explicitly deal with the status of persons with disabilities. Only recently have some treaties been made containing legal provisions on special protection of persons with disabilities. The most important treaty of this kind is the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted in the year 2006. The protection of such persons is regulated in much more detail by "soft law" which includes a number of documents adopted by the UN, the Council of Europe and the European Union. Although most of these documents primarily pertain to the rights and the status of persons with disabilities, there are a few that exclusively deal with the protection of persons with mental disorder.

scholarly journals EXPRESSÃO MILITAR DO SETOR ESTRATÉGICO ESPACIAL: EVOLUÇÃO E O DIREITO. CASO BRASILEIRO: QUARTA GERAÇÃO DA FORÇA AÉREA BRASILEIRA

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Vagner Vital ◽  
Maria Helena fonseca de Souza Rolim
Keyword(s):  
Soft Law ◽  
Hard Law

A evolução e transformações das tecnologias aplicadas aos usos do espaço exterior interconectadas com o uso militar do espaço exterior a evidenciam a pressão dos fatos sobre o direito, avocando reflexão sobre o corpus juris internacional sobre a questão, em nível de soft law e hard law. Mesmo no contexto de autodefesa, as atividades espaciais militares possuem aspectos ofensivos e defensivos que precisam ser considerados e podem ser executadas ao abrigo da Carta das Nações Unidas (considerando o direito à autodefesa) e do Tratado do Espaço (ao se entender o termo “propósito pacífico” equivalente ao termo “não agressão”, exceto para autodefesa), além de outros tratados que podem ser evocados em situações de conflito, no âmbito do Direito Internacional Humanitário. Este artigo consubstancia o caso brasileiro, onde a Força Aérea Brasileira apresenta o entendimento do Brasil quanto ao Tratado do Espaço e à Carta das Nações Unidas, estruturando sua aplicação militar do espaço exterior de acordo com os documentos políticos e doutrinários do Ministério da Defesa do Brasil, sabidamente, a Política de Defesa Nacional, a Estratégia Nacional de Defesa e o Programa Estratégico de Sistemas Espaciais. As operações militares descritas neste artigo revelam que situações fáticas emergentes carecem de tutela jurídica com elevado grau de efetividade.

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