Avoidance in Anxiety and Depression: Adaptation of the Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale in a Spanish Sample

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Barajas ◽  
Luis Garra ◽  
Laura Ros
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Experiential Avoidance ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Behavioral Avoidance ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
And Control

AbstractThis study examines how cognitive, behavioral and experiential avoidance differs between clinical patients (N = 100), the general population (N = 100), and undergraduate students (N = 54). For this purpose, a Spanish adaptation of the Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale (CBAS; Ottenbreit & Dobson, 2004) was made. Confirmatory factor analysis supports the four factors structure similar to the original one, yet question the value of three of the items (CFI = .929, RMSEA = .057, SRMR = .051, χ2(333) = 603.28, p < .001, χ2/df = 1.81). Effect sizes calculated using Cohen’s ƒ2 were between 0.30 and 2.57 in all cases, and only one item showed value < 0.35. The internal consistency for the total scale was .95, and adequate alpha values for the four subscales were found (α between .74 and .93). Statistical differences were found between the clinical and non-clinical groups, and also between the clinical and undergraduate groups (GLM, p < .001). The validity was verified using correlations with AAQ-II, MAAS, BDI-II and BAI. There is a correlation between cognitive-behavioral avoidance and experiential avoidance in both the clinical and control groups (rho = .382, rho = .361, p < .01). Patients with higher levels of cognitive-behavioral avoidance have higher levels of depression (rho = .36, p < .01). A score of 53 is suggested as the optimum cut-off point, because at this point, sensitivity and specificity are both 86%. The results suggest that cognitive-behavioral avoidance represents a significant factor in psychopathology. Recommendations for future studies are discussed.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of a Need-Based Program in Relieving Psychological Distress of Family Caregivers of Leukemia Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Abdullahzadeh ◽  
Narjes Khosravi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

Abstract PurposeThe family of leukemia patients, due to their caring role, often feel psychological distress. This paper describes the efficacy of a designed family-need-based program on relieving depression, anxiety, and stress of family caregivers of leukemia patients by meeting the specific psychological needs of caregivers.MethodsIn this clinical trial, 64 family caregivers of leukemia patients referring to a medical center in Iran were recruited by convenience sampling and divided into study and control groups randomly. The study group attended a designed need-based program. The control group did not receive the intervention. Stress, anxiety, and depression before, right after, and one month after the intervention in family caregivers were compared using DASS-42. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics; the significance level adopted was 5%.ResultsBefore the intervention, the mean score of depression, anxiety, and stress scale in both study and control groups showed no considerable difference (P > 0.05). After the intervention, the mean score of DASS-42 revealed a significant difference between the two groups and the study group did better on outcomes (P < 0.001).ConclusionThis family-need-based program can decrease the level of stress, anxiety, and depression of the family caregivers of leukemia patients and may potentially alleviate the psychological distress of family caregivers over their caring role.Trial registration number: IRCT2013093011895N2. Date of registration: 2014-05-06

Effects of a Curriculum-Integrated Dance Program on Children’s Physical Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1179-1183
Author(s):  
Geeta Sharma ◽  
Tom Stewart ◽  
Scott Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Intervention Effects ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
School Time ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Children’S Physical Activity

Background: Curriculum-integrated dance programs are a promising but relatively under-researched strategy for increasing children’s physical activity (PA). The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a curriculum-integrated dance program on children’s PA. Methods: A total of 134 primary children aged 7–9 years from 4 New Zealand schools were assigned to either a dance group (n = 78) or a control group (n = 56). The dance group participated in a 6-week curriculum-integrated dance program during school time. Although the dance program focused on curricular learning, fitness and coordination were embedded in the dance sessions. Intensity of PA varied according to the focus of each dance session. PA was measured at baseline and postintervention using a waist-mounted ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer for 8 consecutive days. Results: There were no significant intervention effects on PA levels between the dance and control groups postintervention. Conclusion: Dance-embedded learning did not increase overall levels of PA in this study. Future studies may consider assessing longer term effects of a dance-based intervention, or programs that place more focus on PA promotion.

A Study of Appropriate Use of Language When Making Reference to Persons with Disabilities

1991 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Byrd ◽  
Bee Crews ◽  
Deborah Ebener
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Training Module ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a training module on the appropriate use of language when referring to persons with disabilities. Undergraduate students in a special education course were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. There was a significant difference in language usage between subjects who received a training module on the use of appropriate language and subjects who did not.

scholarly journals Prebiotic consumption in pregnant and lactating women increases IL-27 expression in human milk

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Kubota ◽  
Naoki Shimojo ◽  
Ken Nonaka ◽  
Masakatsu Yamashita ◽  
Osamu Ohara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
And Control ◽  
Allergic Disorders

The consumption of probiotics by pregnant and lactating women may prevent the onset of allergic disorders in their children by increasing the concentrations of immunoactive agents such as cytokines in breast milk. Prebiotics such as fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) increase the number of beneficial organisms such as bifidobacteria. Thus, prebiotics may have an effect similar to that of probiotics. The objective of the present study was to carry out a comprehensive analysis of mRNA expression in human milk cells to identify changes in the concentrations of cytokines in breast milk after the consumption of FOS (4 g × 2 times/d) by pregnant and lactating women. The microarray analysis of human milk cells demonstrated that the expression levels of five genes in colostrum samples and fourteen genes in 1-month breast milk samples differed more than 3-fold between the FOS and control groups (sucrose group). The mRNA expression level of IL-27, a cytokine associated with immunoregulatory function, was significantly higher in 1-month breast milk samples obtained from the FOS group than in those obtained from the control group. In addition, the protein concentrations of IL-27 in colostrum and 1-month breast milk samples were significantly higher in the FOS group than in the control group. In conclusion, the consumption of FOS by pregnant and lactating women increases the production of IL-27 in breast milk. Future studies will address the association of this phenomenon with the onset of allergic disorders in children.

scholarly journals The Effect of Cognitive- Behavioral Counseling on the Sexual Compatibility of New Married Couples: A Clinical Trial Study 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvin Allahyari ◽  
Mitra Kolivand ◽  
Arash Namdari ◽  
Khaled Rahmani
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Counseling Centers ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Behavioral Counseling ◽  
Sexual Compatibility ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

Abstract Objective: sexual desire is an integral part of an identity and character of a human being, that affect how to behave with spouse. This study aimed to study the effect of cognitive-behavioral counseling (CBT) on sexual compatibility of new married couples in Sanandaj City in 2018. Method: This was a randomized clinical trial study and participants were 80 new married couples whose information was recorded at the premarital counseling centers that were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Intervention group received 8 weekly 120-minute sessions of group consultation with cognitive-behavioral approach. Data were collected before the intervention, after 8 weeks of counseling, and two months after the last counseling session using the National Sexual Compatibility Scale. Data were analyzed using chi-square inferential statistics and independent t-test or nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. analysis of covariance was used to control of potential confounders. Results: The mean values of sexual compatibility in two intervention and control groups before counseling were 94.20±3.30 and 93.41±6.84 respectively. These scores reached to 100.11±2.96 in the intervention group and 98.83±3.66 in the control group immediately after the intervention. Also two months after the end of counseling, this rate was 101.98±4.03 in the intervention group and 98.83±3.66 in the control group. The intra-group comparison of sexual adjustment scores before and after counseling and two months after the intervention, showed a statistically significant difference (P <0.001). The trend of changes in the control group was not significant (P >0.05). There was a significant difference between two groups in level of scores two months after the intervention (P <0.001). Conclusion: CBT was effective in improving the level of sexual compatibility between new married couples. It is recommended to use this method of counseling, along with other services provided at pre-marriage counseling centers, to continue and improve the quality of sex and vitality of couples.

scholarly journals The Effect of Positive Thinking Training on Anxiety and Happiness in the Elderly: a Quasi- Experimental Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anis Pourdavarani ◽  
Jamileh Farokhzadian ◽  
Mansooreh Azizzadeh Forouz ◽  
Sedigheh Khodabandeh Shahraki
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Positive Thinking ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Anxiety and depression are the most common psychological disorders in the aging period. One of the ways to deal with anxiety and depression and increase happiness in the elderly is to train positive thinking. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate positive thinking skills training on anxiety and happiness in the elderly.Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 48 elderly people referred to two comprehensive health service centers in Kerman in southeastern Iran were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into intervention groups (n = 24) and control (n = 24). The data collection tools included the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Questionnaires were filled out before the intervention, then positive thinking training was held in eight sessions of 90 minutes. After training program, the was conducted one month after it, the follow-up tools.Results: The results showed that the mean score of anxiety before positive thinking training was (13.58 ± 8.61) and (19.25± 11.67) in the intervention and the control group, respectively. After positive thinking training, the mean scores were (4.50 ±4.07) and (15.54±9.04) in the intervention and control group, respectively. After the intervention, which significantly reduced anxiety the intervention, group (t= 8.10, P<0.001). The mean score of happiness before the test was (26.58±12.40) and (37.91 ± 5.57) in the intervention and control groups, respectively. However, the posttest happiness scores of the intervention and control groups were (62.91± 4.66) and (35.62 ±10.62), respectively. The results showed that implementing positive thinking training increased happiness significantly (t=-4.08, P<0.001).Conclusion: Since positive thinking training effect reducing anxiety and increasing happiness in the elderly. Due to the growing trend of the elderly population, the positive thinking training approach can be used as a suitable, cost-effective, and efficient method in reducing anxiety and increasing happiness in the elderly.

Mizaj assessment in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients based on Persian Medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Abbasian ◽  
Morteza Mojahedi ◽  
Mostafa Alizadeh ◽  
Soraya Khafri ◽  
Mohammad Ansaripour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Complementary Therapies ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Persian Medicine ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Control

Abstract Objectives Increased incidence of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) calls for supporting complementary therapies in this field. Persian Medicine (PM) specialists present various assumptions to help patients through Mizaj (temperament) modification, but its confirmation requires scientific evidence. This study aimed at identifying the Mizaj of MS patients, and comparing it with their Mizaj before the onset of the disease, and with that of healthy people. Methods Forty-two MS and fifty-four healthy subjects participated in the study as case and control groups. General and brain Mizaj in patients were identified by five PM specialists before and after the onset of the disease. Mojahedi Mizaj Questionnaire (MMQ) was completed by the two groups. The validity of MMQ was assessed using Mizaj diagnosis by PM specialists as the gold standard. T-test, McNemar-Bowker, Wilcoxon, and Chi-square (χ 2) tests were used to compare the Mizaj of patients before and after the onset of the disease, and between the two groups (p<0.05). Results The sensitivity and specificity of MMQ for Hotness (75, 81%) and Coldness (75, 65%) were acceptable. There were no significant differences between patients and healthy subjects in terms of general Mizaj. But general and brain Mizaj of patients after developing MS inclined to coldness and dryness, although merely inclination of general Mizaj to coldness was significant (p=0.03). Conclusions According to our results, the Mizaj of MS patients has an inclination toward coldness and dryness; Also, MMQ can be used as a validated scale for identifying the Mizaj of MS patients in future studies.

scholarly journals Effects of Art Therapy Program on Anxiety and Depression among 6-12-Year-Old Burned Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (B) ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
Hossein Rezazadeh ◽  
Razieh Froutan ◽  
Ali Ahmad Abadi ◽  
Seyed Reza Mazloum ◽  
Kaveh Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Art Therapy ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Therapy Program ◽  
Physical Injuries ◽  
Psychological Injuries ◽  
Post Test ◽  
And Control ◽  
Therapy Sessions

INTRODUCTION: There are various ways to relieve physical injuries, but less attention has been dedicated to the treatment of psychological injuries in burned children. AIM: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of art therapy using painting and music on reducing anxiety and depression in burned children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a three-group randomized clinical trial with a pre-test-post-test design that was performed on 60 children aged 6–12 years. The patients were admitted to the Burn Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, within 2018 were selected using convenience sampling method and randomly divided into three groups, namely, two intervention (subjected to art and music) and one control group. Ten 45-min-long art therapy sessions were conducted every day. Anxiety was measured with parent-version of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale, and depression was measured using Maria Kovacs Children’s Depression Inventory Questionnaire. The control group only benefited from the routine services of the center. RESULTS: Before the intervention, the total mean scores of anxiety in the burned children in the painting, music, and control groups were measured at 90.4 ± 5.4, 84.8 ± 6.8, and 77.4 ± 13.8, respectively. However, the total mean scores of anxiety after the intervention in the burned children in the painting, music, and control groups were estimated at 53.3 ± 4.4, 45.9 ± 8.4, and 72.4 ± 12.9, respectively (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the mean of depression total score before the intervention was measured at 38.7 ± 3.4, 32.8 ± 5.4, and 28.9 ± 5.4, for painting, music, and control groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Moreover, the total mean score of depression after the intervention in the painting, music, and control groups was obtained as 29.9 ± 4.0, 19.3 ± 3.8, and 25.2 ± 4.9, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Art therapy using painting and music led to the reduction of anxiety and depression in children with burns; therefore, it is recommended to use the technique for this population.

scholarly journals The event-specific benefits of writing about a difficult life experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-69
Author(s):  
Charles Matthew Stapleton ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Jeffrey Scott Berman
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Cognitive Avoidance ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Life Event ◽  
General Distress ◽  
And Control

Previous research demonstrates that writing about life’s difficult moments benefits the writer cognitively and emotionally. However, it is unclear whether the benefits of writing are specific to the event written about or whether the benefits are global. This study was designed to address this issue. Participants were 120 undergraduate students who had experienced at least two difficult life events. Participants were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Experimental participants wrote about one of these difficult events and control participants wrote about an interesting life event of their choosing. Experimental participants reported their positive and negative emotions as well as their cognitive avoidance and intrusion concerning the event written about and another event not written about. Control participants reported their emotions and cognitions concerning two difficult life events. All participants also reported their general distress. These assessments were done immediately after writing and one week later. The results indicated that experimental participants were emotionally stronger, less upset, and less cognitively avoidant about the particular difficult life event they wrote about compared to an event they did not write about. Similar comparisons between ratings of a written-about and a not-written-about event were not significant for passion, fear, and cognitive intrusion. There was evidence for a possible indirect effect of writing on general distress through changes in event-specific cognitions and emotions. Discussion of these results focuses on how writing may specifically help change a writer’s feelings and thoughts about a particular situation.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on sexual function and sexual self-efficacy in pregnant women: An RCT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Nezamnia ◽  
Mina Iravani ◽  
Mehdi Sayah Bargard ◽  
Mahmood Latify
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Sexual Function ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

Background: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the ways to improve an undesirable sexual function. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CBT on the sexual function and sexual self-efficacy of pregnant women. Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 36 pregnant women referred to five healthcare centers in Ahvaz, Iran, from December 2016 to January 2017 were enrolled through stratified random sampling in two groups. The case group received counseling based on cognitive behavioral therapy for eight consecutive weeks and the control group received the routine training provided by healthcare staff. Two and four weeks after the end of sessions, both groups completed the Female Sexual Function Index and self-efficacy questionnaires again. Results: The mean of sexual function and self-efficacy scores in pregnant women in the case and control groups before the intervention did not show a significant difference (p = 0.56). The mean of sexual function and self-efficacy scores of pregnant women in the case and control groups was statistically significant two and four weeks, respectively, after the intervention (p ≤ 0.0001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that counseling based on CBT in comparison with the routine training during pregnancy improves the sexual performance and self-efficacy of pregnant women. Key words: Cognitive behavioral therapy, Pregnant women, Sexual dysfunction, Sexual self-efficacy, Sex counseling.

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