XXIX.—The First Chemical Society, the First Chemical Journal, and the Chemical Revolution (Part II)

1952 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Chemical Society ◽  
Complete List ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Chemical Revolution ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Revolutionary Period

Since the delivery of my presidential address (1) in July I have assembled an amount of supplementary information regarding “the Chemical Society instituted in the beginning of the Year 1785”. This, together with a brief description of some other chemical societies of the revolutionary period, forms the basis of the present paper.First of all, it will be expedient to furnish a complete list of the dissertations read before the Society during 1785–86 and included in the first volume of its Proceedings, appending short comments with respect to the communicators or their topics when anything of special interest arises.

scholarly journals A hypothesis of molecular configuration in three dimensions of space

1916 ◽  
Vol 92 (642) ◽  
pp. 451-462 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Charge ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Chemical Society ◽  
Negative Sign ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Molecular Configuration ◽  
Mental Picture ◽  
Chemical Combination ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Dimensions Of Space

It is now almost universally acknowledged that the valency of an element is due to its being associated with one or more electrons. The mechanism of chemical combination was sketched by me in the Presidential Address to the Chemical Society in the sentence:— "If it be conceded that a salt differs from its solution only in so far as the mobility of the solution permits of transfer of ions, the transfer of an electron from the sodium to the chlorine must take place at the moment of combination. Symbolised, if we write E for electron and simplify the reaction, dealing for the moment with an atom and not with a molecule of chlorine, we have ENa + Cl = NaECl. Here the electron serves as the bond of union between the sodium and the chlorine. . . . If it be desired to form a mental picture of what occurs, let me suggest a fanciful analogy which may serve the purpose: it is that an electron is an amœba-like structure, and that ENa may be conceived as an orange of sodium surrounded by a rind of electron; that on combination the rind separates from the orange and forms a layer or cushion between the Na and the Cl, and that on solution an electron attaches itself to the chlorine in some similar fashion, forming an ion of chlorine. It will be noticed that the E fills the place usually occupied by a bond; thus Na—Cl. It happens providentially that the bond and the negative sign are practically the same; Na—Cl may be supposed to ionise thus, Na(—Cl), the negative charge or electron remaining with the chlorine."

scholarly journals The Role of City Culture in the Formation of the Bashkir National Art of the Pre-Revolutionary Period

ICONI ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
Gulnaz S. Galina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Secular Culture ◽  
Musical Tradition ◽  
European Culture ◽  
City Culture ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Theatrical Music ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Revolutionary Period

The article presents some basic information about the development of city musical culture in the Orenburg gubernia and in Ufa during the pre-revolutionary period. The regularity of the formation of the phenomenon of the city cultural milieu is traced by the examples of such components as concert and theatre practice, in the context of which the foundations of compositional and performance professionalism indispensable for the development of European genres were perfected. As the result of an overview of various forms of musicmaking at home and the concert and theater practice, the foundations of which had been installed by the direct bearers of European culture itself — Polish insurgents banished to the gubernia in the 18th century — the fact is substantiated that the Russian-European academic musical tradition conditioned the environment due to which national concert life was established in the early 20th century. It is proven that the Europeanization in Bashkir culture began not during the period of the Soviet cultural development, but on the wave of Jadidism in the activities of the new-method madrassahs, which in the beginning of the previous century became the main centers for sacred and secular culture. At the same time, the emergence of combined Tatar-Bashkir dramatic theatrical troupes conducive towards the onset of national theatrical music is the greatest accomplishment of Bashkir music in the prerevolutionary period, which connected the pre-revolutionary epoch with the period of formation of national compositional schools.

scholarly journals COSSACK LITERATURE AS A CULTURAL PHENOMENON

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-138
Author(s):  
Sumei Yang ◽  
◽  
Nataliya V. Lukiyanchikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
Regional Component ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Revolutionary Period ◽  
Historical Periods

In the article, the authors attempt to characterize the specifics and follow the dynamics of literature devoted to the history and culture of the Russian Cossacks, to describe the stages of the development of Cossack literature as a special cultural phenomenon. The article considers in detail that the way of life, the nature of social organization, life and culture, the morals and folklore of Cossacks have always been specific and thereby were of special interest of scientists, in connection with which a large number of scientific studies appeared on various aspects of this phenomenon. Special attention in the proposed work is paid to the regional features of Cossack culture and the multifaceted, internally rich images of Cossacks created by Russian writers (both classics and authors of the XX-XXI centuries), the article explains how the regional component is presented in Cossack folklore and literature, analyzes works devoted to Cossacks as a special socio-ethnic phenomenon. Cossack literature is considered by the authors of literature in the context of three historical periods: Cossack literature of the Russian Empire (before the 1917 Revolution), Cossack literature related to the era of the Soviet state (1917–1991), the latest Cossack literature (from 1991 to the present), it is noted that each era imposes its own imprint on the problems and system of images of works: the heroization of the Cossacks, who fulfill the historical mission of protecting their native land and developing new spaces, in the literature of the pre-revolutionary period, the tragic concept of the Cossacks in the literature of the Soviet era and the image of the process of reviving the spirit of the Cossacks in modern literature.

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