Image analysis for measuring lichen colonization on and within stonework

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia GAZZANO ◽  
Sergio E. FAVERO-LONGO ◽  
Enrica MATTEUCCI ◽  
Rosanna PIERVITTORI
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Pixel Classification ◽  
Percentage Cover ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
High Resolution Images

AbstractThe suitability of image analysis by colour-based pixel classification to quantify lichen colonization on the surface of and within marble, travertine and mortar stonework has been investigated. High resolution images of lichenized stonework surfaces were acquired at different field sites using a scanner, thus avoiding invasive surveys, and the percentage cover of lichen species was subsequently measured in the laboratory using dedicated software. Furthermore, microphotographs of polished cross-sections of lichenized marble, travertine and mortar, stained using the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) method to visualize hyphae, were produced by the same software to quantify hyphal spread within the substratum, a parameter which can be used more successfully than the commonly used depth of hyphal penetration to quantify how much the lichen has affected the conservation of a stone substratum. Significant statistical differences in hue, saturation and intensity (HSI) of the lichen thalli and PAS-stained hyphae, with respect to the lithic substrata, allowed the software to discriminate and quantify the lichen species cover on, and hyphal spread within, the three investigated lithotypes. Since such a quantitative approach highlights the volume of influence of lichens on stonework, where bioweathering processes are likely to develop, it could be used to support decisions on the preservation of our stone cultural heritage.

Recruitment of single muscle fibers during submaximal cycling exercise

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 1752-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Altenburg ◽  
H. Degens ◽  
W. van Mechelen ◽  
A. J. Sargeant ◽  
A. de Haan
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Type Ii Fibers

In literature, an inconsistency exists in the submaximal exercise intensity at which type II fibers are activated. In the present study, the recruitment of type I and II fibers was investigated from the very beginning and throughout a 45-min cycle exercise at 75% of the maximal oxygen uptake, which corresponded to 38% of the maximal dynamic muscle force. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle were taken from six subjects at rest and during the exercise, two at each time point. From the first biopsy single fibers were isolated and characterized as type I and II, and phosphocreatine-to-creatine (PCr/Cr) ratios and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain intensities were measured. Cross sections were cut from the second biopsy, individual fibers were characterized as type I and II, and PAS stain intensities were measured. A decline in PCr/Cr ratio and in PAS stain intensity was used as indication of fiber recruitment. Within 1 min of exercise both type I and, although to a lesser extent, type II fibers were recruited. Furthermore, the PCr/Cr ratio revealed that the same proportion of fibers was recruited during the whole 45 min of exercise, indicating a rather constant recruitment. The PAS staining, however, proved inadequate to fully demonstrate fiber recruitment even after 45 min of exercise. We conclude that during cycling exercise a greater proportion of type II fibers is recruited than previously reported for isometric contractions, probably because of the dynamic character of the exercise. Furthermore, the PCr/Cr ratio method is more sensitive in determining fiber activation than the PAS stain intensity method.

In vivo IIX and IIB fiber recruitment in gastrocnemius muscle of the rat is compartment related

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 933-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. De Ruiter ◽  
P. E. Habets ◽  
A. de Haan ◽  
A. J. Sargeant
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Stimulation Of

The purpose of the present study was to investigate to what extent fast-twitch IIX and IIB fiber recruitment was related to the natural existing muscle compartments (subvolumes of muscle innervated by different primary nerve branches) in rat medial gastrocnemius. Three groups (n = 6) of rats trotted on a motor-driven treadmill (20 degrees incline) at different speeds. A fourth group served as controls, and a fifth group received in situ electrical stimulation of all medial gastrocnemius muscle fibers. Postexercise glycogen levels (periodic acid-Schiff staining intensities) were made. Running caused more and in situ stimulation caused less glycogen breakdown in the proximal IIX and IIB fibers compared with the fibers of the same type in the most distal compartment. Furthermore, the boundaries of the most distal compartment could often be recognized in the periodic acid-Schiff-stained cross sections. It was concluded that during running the proximal IIX and IIB fibers were recruited to a greater extent (and at lower treadmill speeds) compared with the distal IIX and IIB fibers, respectively.

scholarly journals ALKALINE BISMUTH REAGENT FOR HIGH RESOLUTION ULTRASTRUCTURAL DEMONSTRATION OF PERIODATE-REACTIVE SITES

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 995-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
STERLING K. AINSWORTH ◽  
MORRIS J. KARNOVSKY ◽  
SUSUMU ITO
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Ultrastructural Localization ◽  
Blocking Agent ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Bismuth Subnitrate

A simple technique is described for the ultrastructural localization of periodate-reactive mucosubstances and polysaccharides containing 1,2-glycols in thin sections of routinely fixed tissues. In this method the sugar residues are oxidized by periodic acid and the resulting aldehydes presumably reduce chelated bismuth subnitrate to metallic bismuth which then appears as a fine electron-opaque precipitate at the sites of the reducing sugars. The periodic acid-alkaline bismuth procedure provides a high resolution electron microscopic technique for demonstrating tissue sites of periodate-engendered groups very similar to the light microscopic periodic acid-Schiff reaction. The reaction can be prevented by the omission of periodate oxidation or alkaline bismuth subnitrate and by aldehyde blockage with the blocking agent, m-aminophenol. However, glycogen stains markedly without prior periodate oxidation, presumably through chelation of bismuth by hydroxyl groups. Other structures which stain without prior periodate oxidation are liver lysosomal dense bodies and, occasionally, ribosomes.

scholarly journals OBJECTS GROUPING FOR SEGMENTATION OF ROADS NETWORK IN HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGES OF URBAN AREAS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B7 ◽  
pp. 897-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Maboudi ◽  
J. Amini ◽  
M. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Route Planning ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Image Objects ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Road Segments

Updated road databases are required for many purposes such as urban planning, disaster management, car navigation, route planning, traffic management and emergency handling. In the last decade, the improvement in spatial resolution of VHR civilian satellite sensors – as the main source of large scale mapping applications – was so considerable that GSD has become finer than size of common urban objects of interest such as building, trees and road parts. This technological advancement pushed the development of “Object-based Image Analysis (OBIA)” as an alternative to pixel-based image analysis methods. <br><br> Segmentation as one of the main stages of OBIA provides the image objects on which most of the following processes will be applied. Therefore, the success of an OBIA approach is strongly affected by the segmentation quality. In this paper, we propose a purpose-dependent refinement strategy in order to group road segments in urban areas using maximal similarity based region merging. For investigations with the proposed method, we use high resolution images of some urban sites. The promising results suggest that the proposed approach is applicable in grouping of road segments in urban areas.

CELL STRUCTURE IN TREE RINGS: NOVEL METHODS FOR PREPARATION AND IMAGE ANALYSIS OF LARGE CROSS SECTIONS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Spiecker ◽  
Martin G. Schinker ◽  
Jörg Hansen ◽  
Young-In Park ◽  
Tilman Ebding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Image Analysis System ◽  
Large Tree ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Environmental Events

A new method for the preparation of wood samples for high-resolution reflected-light microscopy in combination with a species-specific image analysis system is introduced. The method is based on an ultraprecise single-point diamond flycutter equipped with air bearings and functions on the basis of a rotating diamond edge. Extensive and very smooth surfaces can be produced on increment cores as well as entire cross sections. Hence, this technique provides the prerequisites for a continuous microscopic analysis across large tree-ring sequences, or entire cross sections. Patching or sub-sectioning is not required. The high-resolution analysis of cell structures of spruce and oak presented here introduces new approaches for describing and predicting reactions of diameter growth to various environmental events.

scholarly journals OBJECTS GROUPING FOR SEGMENTATION OF ROADS NETWORK IN HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGES OF URBAN AREAS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B7 ◽  
pp. 897-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Maboudi ◽  
J. Amini ◽  
M. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Route Planning ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Image Objects ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Road Segments

Updated road databases are required for many purposes such as urban planning, disaster management, car navigation, route planning, traffic management and emergency handling. In the last decade, the improvement in spatial resolution of VHR civilian satellite sensors – as the main source of large scale mapping applications – was so considerable that GSD has become finer than size of common urban objects of interest such as building, trees and road parts. This technological advancement pushed the development of “Object-based Image Analysis (OBIA)” as an alternative to pixel-based image analysis methods. <br><br> Segmentation as one of the main stages of OBIA provides the image objects on which most of the following processes will be applied. Therefore, the success of an OBIA approach is strongly affected by the segmentation quality. In this paper, we propose a purpose-dependent refinement strategy in order to group road segments in urban areas using maximal similarity based region merging. For investigations with the proposed method, we use high resolution images of some urban sites. The promising results suggest that the proposed approach is applicable in grouping of road segments in urban areas.

scholarly journals The Histochemical Alterations of Mucin in Colorectal Carcinoma Quantified by Two Efficient Algorithms of Digital Image Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasprzak ◽  
Seraszek-Jaros ◽  
Jagielska ◽  
Helak-Łapaj ◽  
Siodła ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Digital Image Analysis ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Alcian Blue Staining ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Tissue Samples

The practical use of knowledge on the diagnostic-prognostic role of polysaccharide components of mucins in colorectal cancer (CRC) has been difficult, due to the number of histochemical (HC) reaction types, as well as lack of standard methods of computer-assisted analysis of tissue expression of these molecules. Using two algorithms of digital image analysis (by application of Image-Pro Premier and our originally designed program Filter HSV), we evaluated the expression of polysaccharides in tissue samples of CRC patients (n = 33), and fragments of normal colorectal tissue from the same patients (control) using periodic acid Schiff reaction (PAS) (neutral mucins) and alcian blue staining (AB) (acidic mucins). Our results indicate lower expression of the PAS+ and AB+ mucins in CRC, as compared to the control samples. The higher expression of PAS+ polysaccharides was detected in flat tumors than in protruded CRC, while higher AB+ mucins expression was a feature of mucinous CRC subtypes. Positive correlation between mutual PAS+ and AB+ expression, as well as correlations with glucose concentration (PAS+ mucins), and hemoglobin level (AB+ mucins) were observed exclusively in unchanged colorectal samples (control). Both algorithms of digital image analysis (smart segmentation and Filter HSV) work properly and can be used interchangeably in daily practice of pathologists, as useful tools of quantitative evaluation of HC reaction in both normal and cancerous tissues.

Semiconductor Microscopy - Microscopy at the Instrumental Performance Limit

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 512-513
Author(s):  
Bryan M. Tracy
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Instrumental Performance ◽  
Plan View ◽  
Performance Limit ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
The Right

The microscopy to support process development of Si-based semiconductors has consistently required state-of-the-art instrumentation. As the industry strains to achieve 1 OOnm design rules, this requirement has never been more pronounced. This paper presents TEM, SEM and FIB examples with a focus on using the instrumentation near the performance limit.Transmission Electron Microscopy - The high contrast and high resolution images provided by the TEM have made this “research instrument” into the mainstay of the semiconductor analysis laboratory. For the vast majority of samples, both plan view and cross sections, precious little tilt is required. For cross sections, +/- 3 degrees is usually adequate to bring the silicon into (110) orientation and plan views are commonly made from polycrystalline films, which benefit more from choosing the right thickness than from tilt. Under appreciated is the benefit of very high resolution polepieces which have superior spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients producing real improvements in image quality.

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