scholarly journals A HIGHLY PORTABLE AND INEXPENSIVE FIELD SAMPLING KIT FOR RADIOCARBON ANALYSIS OF CARBON DIOXIDE

Radiocarbon ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Mark H Garnett ◽  
Josephine-Anne Newton ◽  
Thomas C Parker
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Molecular Sieve ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Sampling ◽  
Additional Equipment ◽  
Infrared Gas Analyser ◽  
Field Campaigns ◽  
Collection Methods

Abstract Radiocarbon (14C) analysis of carbon dioxide (CO2) can be extremely useful in carbon cycle studies because it provides unique information that can infer the age and source of this greenhouse gas. Cartridges containing the CO2-adsorbing zeolite molecular sieve are small and highly portable, which makes them more suitable for field campaigns in remote locations compared to some other CO2 collection methods. However, sampling with molecular sieve cartridges usually requires additional equipment, such as an infrared gas analyser, which can reduce portability and pose limitations due to power demands. In addition, 14C analysis of CO2 is increasingly being used in field experiments which require high numbers of replicate CO2 collections, placing extra pressure on an expensive and cumbersome collection apparatus. We therefore designed and built a molecular sieve CO2 sampling kit that utilizes a small, low power CO2 sensor. We demonstrate the reliability of the new kit for the collection of CO2 samples for 14C analysis in a series of laboratory and field tests. This inexpensive sampling kit is small, light-weight, highly portable, and has low power demands, making it particularly useful for field campaigns in remote and inaccessible locations.

Control of Winged Waterprimrose (Jussiaea decurrens) and Northern Jointvetch (Aeschynomene virginica) with Fungal Pathogens

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Boyette ◽  
G. E. Templeton ◽  
R. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growing Region

An indigenous, host-specific, pathogenic fungus that parasitizes winged waterprimrose [Jussiaea decurrens(Walt.) DC.] is endemic in the rice growing region of Arkansas. The fungus was isolated and identified asColletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.) Sacc. f.sp. jussiaeae(CGJ). It is highly specific for parasitism of winged waterprimrose and not parasitic on creeping waterprimrose (J. repensL. var.glabrescensKtze.), rice (Oryza sativaL.), soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.), or 4 other crops and 13 other weeds. The fungus was physiologically distinct from C.gloeosporioides(Penz.) Sacc. f. sp.aeschynomene(CGA), an endemic anthracnose pathogen of northern jointvetch[Aeschynomene virginica(L.) B.S.P.], as indicated by cross inoculations of both weeds. Culture in the laboratory and inoculation of winged waterprimrose in greenhouse, growth chamber and field experiments indicated that the pathogen was stable, specific, and virulent in a wide range of environments. The pathogen yielded large quantities of spores in liquid culture. It is suitable for control of winged waterprimrose. Winged waterprimrose and northern jointvetch were controlled in greenhouse and field tests by application of spore mixtures of CGJ and CGA at concentrations of 1 to 2 million spores/ml of each fungus in 94 L/ha of water; the fungi did not damage rice or nontarget crops.

scholarly journals Alternative Control of Phragmidium rubi-idaei Infecting Two Rubus Species

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1452
Author(s):  
Raluca-Maria Pârlici ◽  
Aurel Maxim ◽  
Stefania Mirela Mang ◽  
Ippolito Camele ◽  
Lucia Mihalescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Conidia Germination ◽  
The Impact

Organic berry plantations have been gaining popularity among farmers during recent years. Even so, farmers experience serious challenges in disease control management, which is a concern in organic farming. Phragmidiumrubi-idaei (DC) P. Karst is the pathogen responsible for blackberry and raspberry rust disease, one of the most present and active diseases in plantations. The antifungal certified products found on the organic farming market offer the opportunity for an efficient control strategy over plant pathogens in fruit shrub plantations. In this study, 5 natural based products—namely Altosan, Mimox, Canelys, Zitron, and Zeolite—were tested for their fungistatic effect over P. rubi-idaei. The experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions, performing observations over the impact of organic products, used at different concentration levels, on rust conidia germination. Moreover, field experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the efficiency of different treatments for rust control on raspberry (‘Polka’, ‘Veten’ and ‘Heritage’) and blackberry (‘Thorn Free’, ‘Chester’ and ‘Loch Ness’) varieties. Data analysis based on ANOVA tests showed significant differences between the tested variants and the control sample at p < 0.001. Furthermore, LSD test confirmed differences between all substances tested (p < 0.005). The natural products Canelys (formulated with cinnamon) and Zytron (based on citrus extract) have proven the highest inhibitory capacity for conidia germination during in vitro tests registering values of 80.42% and 78.34%, respectively. The same high inhibitory rates against rust pathogen were kept also in the field tests using the same two natural-based products mentioned earlier. In addition, outcomes from this study demonstrated that Zeolite is not recommended for raspberry or blackberry rust control.

scholarly journals A horizontally polarizing liquid trap enhances the tabanid-capturing efficiency of the classic canopy trap

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Á. Egri ◽  
M. Blahó ◽  
D. Száz ◽  
G. Kriska ◽  
J. Majer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Liquid Trap ◽  
Black Sphere ◽  
Combined Trap

AbstractHost-seeking female tabanid flies, that need mammalian blood for the development of their eggs, can be captured by the classic canopy trap with an elevated shiny black sphere as a luring visual target. The design of more efficient tabanid traps is important for stock-breeders to control tabanids, since these blood-sucking insects can cause severe problems for livestock, especially for horse- and cattle-keepers: reduced meat/milk production in cattle farms, horses cannot be ridden, decreased quality of hides due to biting scars. We show here that male and female tabanids can be caught by a novel, weather-proof liquid-filled black tray laid on the ground, because the strongly and horizontally polarized light reflected from the black liquid surface attracts water-seeking polarotactic tabanids. We performed field experiments to reveal the ideal elevation of the liquid trap and to compare the tabanid-capturing efficiency of three different traps: (1) the classic canopy trap, (2) the new polarization liquid trap, and (3) the combination of the two traps. In field tests, we showed that the combined trap captures 2.4–8.2 times more tabanids than the canopy trap alone. The reason for the larger efficiency of the combined trap is that it captures simultaneously the host-seeking female and the water-seeking male and female tabanids. We suggest supplementing the traditional canopy trap with the new liquid trap in order to enhance the tabanid-capturing efficiency.

THE RULE OF COMBINING A PRIORI AND EXPERIMENTAL INFORMATION IN THE TASKS OF MANAGING TESTS OF COMPLEX TECHNICAL PRODUCTS ACCORDING TO THE BERNOULLI SCHEME

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Yu. I. Buryak ◽  
A. A. Skrynnikov
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Experimental Information ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Testing Complex ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Technical Products

The article is devoted to the substantiation of the procedure for testing complex technical systems to assess the probability of performing the task, taking into account a priori data obtained from the results of modeling, field tests of components and prototypes, operation of analogues, etc. The conditions for the formation of a combined sample consisting of field experiments and experiments counted on the results of modeling are justified. Data uniformity is checked using the Student's criterion. The minimum volume of full-scale tests is determined by the requirement of equality of the amount of Fischer information about the estimated parameter obtained during full-scale tests and at the expense of a priori data A strategy for conducting field experiments is proposed, in which the required quality of evaluating the probability of completing the task is achieved with the minimum possible number of field experiments. At the first stage, a series of experiments with a volume equal to half of the required sample size is performed. At the second stage, the experiments are conducted sequentially with an assessment after each experiment of the requirements for the amount of information about the evaluated parameter and for the uniformity of data. Experiments are terminated when the specified requirements are met, and then a combined sample is formed, which is used to evaluate the probability of the system performing the task. A model example is considered. The estimation of the gain in the number of experiments performed at different probability values was carried out.

scholarly journals A NEW METHOD OF PERFORMING FIELD TRIALS

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-34
Author(s):  
Bernardo G. Capó
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
New Method ◽  
Numerical Example ◽  
Fertilizer Experiment ◽  
Treatment Experiment

A new method of performing field experiments with relatively small numbers of treatments is described. The requirement to be fulfilled by the layouts of such field tests is specified and examples of possible designs for a 5-treatment experiment are illustrated. The theory of the procedure of calculation is discussed and a numerical example of said calculations is furnished in connection with the interpretation of a fertilizer experiment performed with cotton.

scholarly journals Application of Nano Bio-clay Composite in a Scaling-up Study for Wastewater Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 6393-6414
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Wastewater Recycling ◽  
Cr Concentration

A scaling-up study integrating experimental and field experiments was managed to explore the most appropriate catalysis method to assist industries in getting rid of the Congo Red (CR) dye from industrial wastewater. The adsorption potential of kaolinite (K) modified by Ulva Lactuca (UL) was evaluated to eliminate CR dye from aqueous solutions. The novel kaolinite/alga nanocomposite (KUL) was synthesized following steps of the wet impregnation method and then subjected to characterization using different techniques. The newly reported KUL nanocomposite shows a significant increase in adsorption ability higher than that of K and UL. To research different experimental factors' effects, batch experiments were evaluated, and each of the kinetics/isotherms of CR adsorption were explored either. The CR removal% is clearly affected by catalyst dose, working temperature, and pH value with high percentage. The best temperature for CR adsorption onto KUL is 400C at pH>7. CR adsorption on KUL following the first-order diffusion model, while K and UL appeared to follow two different kinetic adsorption models depending on the CR concentration. Moreover, the field tests (scaling-up experiments) revealed optimistic results with 91% efficiency for KUL nano-adsorbents in eliminating mixed dyes from industrial wastewater, which means the foundation of novel environmentally benign nano-adsorbents to help in industrial wastewater recycling.

scholarly journals Toward adaptive robotic sampling of phytoplankton in the coastal ocean

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (27) ◽  
pp. eaav3041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trygve O. Fossum ◽  
Glaucia M. Fragoso ◽  
Emlyn J. Davies ◽  
Jenny E. Ullgren ◽  
Renato Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Coastal Ocean ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Embedded Algorithms ◽  
Particle Imaging ◽  
Multiple Field

Currents, wind, bathymetry, and freshwater runoff are some of the factors that make coastal waters heterogeneous, patchy, and scientifically interesting—where it is challenging to resolve the spatiotemporal variation within the water column. We present methods and results from field experiments using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) with embedded algorithms that focus sampling on features in three dimensions. This was achieved by combining Gaussian process (GP) modeling with onboard robotic autonomy, allowing volumetric measurements to be made at fine scales. Special focus was given to the patchiness of phytoplankton biomass, measured as chlorophyll a (Chla), an important factor for understanding biogeochemical processes, such as primary productivity, in the coastal ocean. During multiple field tests in Runde, Norway, the method was successfully used to identify, map, and track the subsurface chlorophyll a maxima (SCM). Results show that the algorithm was able to estimate the SCM volumetrically, enabling the AUV to track the maximum concentration depth within the volume. These data were subsequently verified and supplemented with remote sensing, time series from a buoy and ship-based measurements from a fast repetition rate fluorometer (FRRf), particle imaging systems, as well as discrete water samples, covering both the large and small scales of the microbial community shaped by coastal dynamics. By bringing together diverse methods from statistics, autonomous control, imaging, and oceanography, the work offers an interdisciplinary perspective in robotic observation of our changing oceans.

scholarly journals Turbulence fluxes and variances measured with a sonic anemometer mounted on a tethered balloon

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 4375-4386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guylaine Canut ◽  
Fleur Couvreux ◽  
Marie Lothon ◽  
Dominique Legain ◽  
Bruno Piguet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sonic Anemometer ◽  
Motion Sensor ◽  
Tethered Balloon ◽  
Inertial Motion ◽  
Convective Boundary ◽  
Momentum Fluxes ◽  
Field Campaigns

Abstract. This study presents the first deployment in field campaigns of a balloon-borne turbulence probe, developed with a sonic anemometer and an inertial motion sensor suspended below a tethered balloon. This system measures temperature and horizontal and vertical wind at high frequency and allows the estimation of heat and momentum fluxes as well as turbulent kinetic energy in the lower part of the boundary layer. The system was validated during three field experiments with different convective boundary-layer conditions, based on turbulent measurements from instrumented towers and aircraft.

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