scholarly journals Size variations in foraminifers from the early Permian to the Late Triassic: implications for the Guadalupian–Lopingian and the Permian–Triassic mass extinctions

Paleobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-532
Author(s):  
Yan Feng ◽  
Haijun Song ◽  
David P. G. Bond
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Test Size ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Catastrophic Loss ◽  
Extinction Events ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary ◽  
Foraminiferal Test

AbstractThe final 10 Myr of the Paleozoic saw two of the biggest biological crises in Earth history: the middlePermian extinction (often termed the Guadalupian–Lopingian extinction [GLE]) that was followed 7–8 Myr later by Earth's most catastrophic loss of diversity, the Permian–Triassic mass extinction (PTME). These crises are not only manifest as sharp decreases in biodiversity and—particularly for the PTME—total ecosystem collapse, but they also drove major changes in biological morphological characteristics such as the Lilliput effect. The evolution of test size among different clades of foraminifera during these two extinction events has been less studied. We analyzed a global database of foraminiferal test size (volume) including 20,226 specimens in 464 genera, 98 families, and 9 suborders from 632 publications. Our analyses reveal significant reductions in foraminiferal mean test size across the Guadalupian/Lopingian boundary (GLB) and the Permian/Triassic boundary (PTB), from 8.89 to 7.60 log10 μm3 (lg μm3) and from 7.25 to 5.82 lg μm3, respectively. The decline in test size across the GLB is a function of preferential extinction of genera exhibiting gigantism such as fusulinoidean fusulinids. Other clades show little change in size across the GLB. In contrast, all Lopingian suborders in our analysis (Fusulinina, Lagenina, Miliolina, and Textulariina) experienced a significant decrease in test size across the PTB, mainly due to size-biased extinction and within-lineage change. The PTME was clearly a major catastrophe that affected many groups simultaneously, and the GLE was more selective, perhaps hinting at a subtler, less extreme driver than the later PTME.

Depositional Sequences in Northern Peru: New Insights on the Palaeogeographic and Palaeotectonic Reconstruction of Western Gondwana During Late Permian and Triassic

2021 ◽  
pp. jgs2020-186
Author(s):  
Emilio Carrillo ◽  
Roberto Barragán ◽  
Christian Hurtado ◽  
Ysabel Calderón ◽  
Germán Martín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Dynamics ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Late Permian ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Subsidence Basin ◽  
Restricted Environment ◽  
Resources Distribution ◽  
Northern Peru

Late Permian to Early Jurassic strata in northern Peru allows us to carry out a seismo-stratigraphic, litho-tectonic and chemostratigraphic analysis connecting the Andean-Amazonian foreland basins of Huallaga, Ucayali, southern Marañón, and the Eastern Cordillera. This analysis and data integration from Ecuador to western Brazil and southern Peru and Bolivia, allow us to redefine the timing of the major documented tectonic phases and corresponding palaeogeographies of western Gondwana from the late Permian to Triassic. Three litho-tectonic sequences and four associated deformation stages are recognized: 1) A sequence, tectonic relaxation, during late Permian; 2) A-B intra-sequence, folding-and-thrusting attributed to a continuation in time of the Gondwanide Orogeny, during the Early to Middle Triassic; 3) B sequence, rifting, attributed to Gondwana breakup during the Middle and Late Triassic; and 4) C Sequence, thermal sag, during the Late Triassic. Evaporites and carbonates (A sequence) dominated a low subsidence basin with southern restricted marine inflow at the Permian-Triassic boundary. A novel palaeogeographic model for these evaporites suggests that this saline basin extended up to 50,000 km2 in a restricted environment area with a potential bullseye pattern. The last pulse of the Gondwanide Orogeny and associated fold and thrust belt (A-B intra-sequence) exhumed previous the sequence generating emerged areas with little to no sedimentation. Red beds (B sequence) characterize the rifting stage, representing the syn-depositional infill of continental grabens, likely extending to the Acre Basin in Brazil. Finally, during the thermal sag, a marine inflow likely from the northwestern part of Peru generated sedimentation of carbonates and evaporites (C Sequence) to the west and east of the Peruvian margin. This sediment differentiation was, in part, controlled by the existence of pre-existing grabens associated to the previous rifting stage. This interpretation, together with other evaporitic occurrences attributed here to a Late Triassic epoch in south and north Peru and west Brazil, suggest the existence of an evaporitic basin filling an undeformed area of probably ca. 170,000 km2. It is therefore suggestive of the existence of a Late Triassic (Norian to Rhaetian; 217 to 204 Ma) salt giant controlled by thermal sag in western Gondwana. Our results are of great relevance for any future interpretation related to mass extinctions, paleoclimatic analysis and ocean dynamics during the Permian and Triassic as well as natural resources distribution between Ecuador and Bolivia.

Calcite interval in aragonite seas: Geochemical characterization of post-extinction oolites at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and their implications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Urban ◽  
Sylvain Richoz
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Petrographic Analyses ◽  
Isotope System ◽  
Extinction Events

<p>The End-Triassic Mass Extinction (ETME) is one of the five major mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic. The deposition of ooids is atypically high in the direct aftermath of major extinction events, including the ETME. Ooids were intensively investigated both petrographically and sedimentologically in the past decades; but only recently their potentialities as archives for the original chemical composition of the oceans where they formed, have gained awareness. Here we present stratigraphical, sedimentological and geochemical aspects for a mid-Norian-Hettangian section from the Emirates.</p><p>Petrographic analyses provided a detailed morphological classification of post-ETME coated grains, supported by point counting of two isochronous geological sections. FE-SE-EDX imaging unraveled peculiar µm-scale features linked to morphology, diagenesis and biotic interaction in the cortex. LA-ICP-MS analyses were performed for specific major and trace elements. Post-extinction oolites show high variability in size and development of the cortex. They range from small (~ 300 µm) and superficial coating, to bigger (up to 800 µm) and well developed. The degree of micritization highlights different oxic conditions in the diagenetic environment. LA-ICP-MS analyses give insights into seawater redox conditions during ooids formation, siliciclastic contamination, diagenetic processes and the role of bacterial strain in shaping the ooids. Petrographical and geochemical data point out to a calcitic deposition of these ooids as odd with the general consideration that the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic was part of the Aragonite sea. This has major implication on the understanding of the carbonate saturation in the oceans just after the mass-extinction and on the interpretation of several proxies as the C and Ca isotope-system.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Modelling determinants of extinction across two Mesozoic hyperthermal events

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1889) ◽  
pp. 20180404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Dunhill ◽  
William J. Foster ◽  
Sandro Azaele ◽  
James Sciberras ◽  
Richard J. Twitchett
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Early Jurassic ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Multivariate Modelling ◽  
Hyperthermal Events ◽  
Extinction Selectivity ◽  
Extinction Events

The Late Triassic and Early Toarcian extinction events are both associated with greenhouse warming events triggered by massive volcanism. These Mesozoic hyperthermals were responsible for the mass extinction of marine organisms and resulted in significant ecological upheaval. It has, however, been suggested that these events merely involved intensification of background extinction rates rather than significant shifts in the macroevolutionary regime and extinction selectivity. Here, we apply a multivariate modelling approach to a vast global database of marine organisms to test whether extinction selectivity varied through the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. We show that these hyperthermals do represent shifts in the macroevolutionary regime and record different extinction selectivity compared to background intervals of the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. The Late Triassic mass extinction represents a more profound change in selectivity than the Early Toarcian extinction but both events show a common pattern of selecting against pelagic predators and benthic photosymbiotic and suspension-feeding organisms, suggesting that these groups of organisms may be particularly vulnerable during episodes of global warming. In particular, the Late Triassic extinction represents a macroevolutionary regime change that is characterized by (i) the change in extinction selectivity between Triassic background intervals and the extinction event itself; and (ii) the differences in extinction selectivity between the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic as a whole.

Permian–Triassic land-plant diversity in South China: Was there a mass extinction at the Permian/Triassic boundary?

Paleobiology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conghui Xiong ◽  
Qi Wang
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Middle Triassic ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary ◽  
Diversity Dynamics ◽  
Early Middle Triassic

Diversity dynamics of the Permian–Triassic land plants in South China are studied by analyzing paleobotanical data. Our results indicate that the total diversity of land-plant megafossil genera and species across the Permian/Triassic boundary (PTB) of South China underwent a progressive decline from the early Late Permian (Wuchiapingian) to the Early-Middle Triassic. In contrast, the diversity of land-plant microfossil genera exhibited only a small fluctuation across the PTB of South China, showing an increase at the PTB. Overall, land plants across the PTB of South China show a greater stability in diversity dynamics than marine faunas. The highest extinction rate (90.91%) and the lowest origination rate (18.18%) of land-plant megafossil genera occurred at the early Early Triassic (Induan), but the temporal duration of the higher genus extinction rates (>60%) in land plants was about 23.4 Myr, from the Wuchiapingian to the early Middle Triassic (Anisian), which is longer than that of the coeval marine faunas (3–11 Myr). Moreover, the change of genus turnover rates in land-plant megafossils steadily fluctuated from the late Early Permian to the Late Triassic. More stable diversity and turnover rate as well as longer extinction duration suggest that land plants near the PTB of South China may have been involved in a gradual floral reorganization and evolutionary replacement rather than a mass extinction like those in the coeval marine faunas.

scholarly journals Ecological persistence, incumbency and reorganization in the Karoo Basin during the Permian-Triassic transition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Roopnarine ◽  
Kenneth Angielczyk ◽  
AllenWeik ◽  
Ashley Dineen
Keyword(s):  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Karoo Basin ◽  
Evolutionary Innovation ◽  
Stable Species ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary

The geological persistence of biotic assemblages and their reorganization or destruction by mass extinctions are key features of long-term macroevolutionary and macroecological patterns in the fossil record. These events affected biotic history disproportionately and left permanent imprints on global biodiversity. Here we hypothesize that the geological persistence and incumbency of paleocommunities and taxa aremaintained by patterns of biotic interactions that favour the ecological persistence and stable coexistence of interacting species. Equally complex communities produced by alternative macroevolutionary histories, and hence of different functional structure, may support less stable species coexistence, and are therefore less persistent. However, alternative communities with the same functional structure as a persistent paleocommunity, but variable clade richnesses, tend to be as or more stable than observed palecommunities, thus demonstrating that geological persistence is not the result of constrained patterns, or ecological locking. Numerically modeled food webs for seven tetrapod-dominated paleocommunities spanning thetraditionally-recognized Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa, show that incumbency before the Permian-Triassic mass extinction was maintained by a dynamically stable, community-level system of biotic interactions, thereby supporting the hypothesis. The system’s structure was lostthrough successive extinction pulses, and replaced initially by a rich but geologically ephemeral Early Triassic fauna, which itself was replaced by a novel Middle Triassic community with renewed incumbency.The loss of persistence and incumbency, therefore, did not result simply from the extinction of species; instead the largest declines were accompanied by the addition of new species to the system in the earliest aftermath of the event. We therefore further hypothesize that ecological reorganization and evolutionary innovation in the wake of mass extinctions play key roles in the destruction of highly stable, preexisting systems of biotic interaction. In the case of the Karoo Basin paleocommunities, we estimate that a return tostable interactions, and thus incumbency, was achieved in approximately 4-17 Ma.

Refined Permian–Triassic floristic timeline reveals early collapse and delayed recovery of south polar terrestrial ecosystems

2019 ◽  
Vol 132 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1489-1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Mays ◽  
Vivi Vajda ◽  
Tracy D. Frank ◽  
Christopher R. Fielding ◽  
Robert S. Nicoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Lower Triassic ◽  
First Record ◽  
Large Igneous Province ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Opportunistic Fungi ◽  
Carbon Isotopic ◽  
Permian Extinction ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary

Abstract The collapse of late Permian (Lopingian) Gondwanan floras, characterized by the extinction of glossopterid gymnosperms, heralded the end of one of the most enduring and extensive biomes in Earth’s history. The Sydney Basin, Australia, hosts a near-continuous, age-constrained succession of high southern paleolatitude (∼65–75°S) terrestrial strata spanning the end-Permian extinction (EPE) interval. Sedimentological, stable carbon isotopic, palynological, and macrofloral data were collected from two cored coal-exploration wells and correlated. Six palynostratigraphic zones, supported by ordination analyses, were identified within the uppermost Permian to Lower Triassic succession, corresponding to discrete vegetation stages before, during, and after the EPE interval. Collapse of the glossopterid biome marked the onset of the terrestrial EPE and may have significantly predated the marine mass extinctions and conodont-defined Permian–Triassic Boundary. Apart from extinction of the dominant Permian plant taxa, the EPE was characterized by a reduction in primary productivity, and the immediate aftermath was marked by high abundances of opportunistic fungi, algae, and ferns. This transition is coeval with the onset of a gradual global decrease in δ13Corg and the primary extrusive phase of Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province magmatism. The dominant gymnosperm groups of the Gondwanan Mesozoic (peltasperms, conifers, and corystosperms) all appeared soon after the collapse but remained rare throughout the immediate post-EPE succession. Faltering recovery was due to a succession of rapid and severe climatic stressors until at least the late Early Triassic. Immediately prior to the Smithian–Spathian boundary (ca. 249 Ma), indices of increased weathering, thick redbeds, and abundant pleuromeian lycophytes likely signify marked climate change and intensification of the Gondwanan monsoon climate system. This is the first record of the Smithian–Spathian floral overturn event in high southern latitudes.

scholarly journals Modelling determinants of extinction across two Mesozoic hyperthermal events

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Dunhill ◽  
William J. Foster ◽  
Sandro Azaele ◽  
James Sciberras ◽  
Richard J. Twitchett
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Early Jurassic ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Multivariate Modelling ◽  
Hyperthermal Events ◽  
Extinction Selectivity ◽  
Extinction Events

The Late Triassic and early Toarcian extinction events are both associated with greenhouse warming events triggered by massive volcanism. These Mesozoic hyperthermals were responsible for the mass extinction of marine organisms and resulted in significant ecological upheaval. It has, however, been suggested that these events merely involved intensification of background extinction rates rather than significant shifts in the macroevolutionary regime and extinction selectivity. Here, we apply a multivariate modelling approach to a vast global database of marine organisms to test whether extinction selectivity varied through the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. We show that these hyperthermals do represent shifts in the macroevolutionary regime and record different extinction selectivity compared to background intervals of the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. The Late Triassic mass extinction represents a more profound change in selectivity than the early Toarcian extinction but both events show a common pattern of selecting against pelagic predators and benthic photosymbiotic and suspension-feeding organisms, suggesting that these groups of organisms may be particularly vulnerable during episodes of global warming. In particular, the Late Triassic extinction represents a macroevolutionary regime change that is characterised by (i) the change in extinction selectivity between Triassic background intervals and the extinction event itself; and (ii) the differences in extinction selectivity between the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic as a whole.

The Permian–Triassic boundary in Antarctica

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.J. RETALLACK ◽  
A.H. JAHREN ◽  
N.D. SHELDON ◽  
R. CHAKRABARTI ◽  
C.A. METZGER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Late Permian ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Marine Fossils ◽  
History Of ◽  
Stratotype Section ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary

The Permian ended with the largest of known mass extinctions in the history of life. This signal event has been difficult to recognize in Antarctic non-marine rocks, because the boundary with the Triassic is defined by marine fossils at a stratotype section in China. Late Permian leaves (Glossopteris) and roots Vertebraria), and Early Triassic leaves (Dicroidium) and vertebrates (Lystrosaurus) roughly constrain the Permian–Triassic boundary in Antarctica. Here we locate the boundary in Antarctica more precisely using carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and total organic carbon analyses in six measured sections from Allan Hills, Shapeless Mountain, Mount Crean, Portal Mountain, Coalsack Bluff and Graphite Peak. Palaeosols and root traces also are useful for recognizing the Permian–Triassic boundary because there was a complete turnover in terrestrial ecosystems and their soils. A distinctive kind of palaeosol with berthierine nodules, the Dolores pedotype, is restricted to Early Triassic rocks. Late Permian and Middle Triassic root traces are carbonaceous, whereas those of the Early Triassic are replaced by claystone or silica. Antarctic Permian–Triassic sequences are among the most complete known, judging from the fine structure and correlation of carbon isotope anomalies.

scholarly journals Confidence intervals for pulsed mass extinction events

Paleobiology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve C. Wang ◽  
Philip J. Everson
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Multiple Pulses ◽  
Extinction Events

Many authors have proposed scenarios for mass extinctions that consist of multiple pulses or stages, but little work has been done on accounting for the Signor-Lipps effect in such extinction scenarios. Here we introduce a method for computing confidence intervals for the time or stratigraphic distance separating two extinction pulses in a pulsed extinction event, taking into account the incompleteness of the fossil record. We base our method on a flexible likelihood ratio test framework that is able to test whether the fossil record is consistent with any extinction scenario, whether simultaneous, pulsed, or otherwise. As an illustration, we apply our method to a data set on marine invertebrates from the Permo-Triassic boundary of Meishan, China. Using this data set, we show that the fossil record of ostracodes and that of brachiopods are each consistent with simultaneous extinction, and that these two extinction pulses are separated by 720,000 to 1.2 million years with 95% confidence. With appropriate data, our method could also be applied in other situations, such as tests of origination patterns, coordinated stasis, and recovery after a mass extinction.

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