Displays of Violence and Power at the Edge of the Empire: Provincial Trophy Heads during Inca Times

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
pp. 606-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Garrido ◽  
Catalina Morales
Keyword(s):  
Local Communities ◽  
Southern Andes ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Late Horizon ◽  
New Form ◽  
Trophy Heads ◽  
Ritual Practices ◽  
Grave Goods

The Inca expansion to the southern Andes catalyzed important political and symbolic changes in local communities. In addition to economic changes in mining production and the installation of logistical and administrative infrastructure, new forms of ideological violence emerged in the Copiapó Valley, Chile. One new form was the display and discarding of human heads, a burial pattern unprecedented in the region. In this article, we present evidence of perforated heads buried without grave goods next to a local cemetery in a Late Horizon village. We argue that the performative use of modified severed heads from young individuals at the Iglesia Colorada site was part of Inca ritual practices. Their use represented an effort to ideologically rule over newly incorporated subjects by demonstrating power and ensuring their compliance.

scholarly journals Burials with arrowheads in graves of the Mazunino Culture in the Middle Kama Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-66
Author(s):  
O.F. Khairullina ◽  
E.M. Chernykh
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Burial Practices ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Burial Rite ◽  
Grave Goods

The paper is focused on burial grounds of the Mazunino Culture (or Mazunino stage of the Cheganda Cul-ture of the Pyany Bor Cultural-Historical Community by R.D. Goldina) in the Middle Kama Region. They date to the 3rd–5th c. AD and chronologically correlate with the Great Migration Period. The processes of major and minor migrations of that time had an impact on various components of the autochthonous Kama Region cultures. The focus of our research is the burials with throwing weapons, primarily arrowheads found in the Mazunino archers’ burials. The interest in throwing weapon was trigged by the heuristical observation of anthropologist Ivan G. Shi-robokov for the Boyar «Aray» cemetery, where the existence of morphological differences in a group of buried men with arrowheads was statistically proven. To examine this phenomenon, a working hypothesis was put for-ward: intra-group differences of one small necropolis could be reflected in the burial rite and the grave goods of all Mazunino archers’ burials. In total, 148 burials and 146 skeletons with arrowheads from 12 necropolises of the Mazunino Culture have been examined. The comparative analysis of the burial rite features demonstrated a sta-ble correlation between the presence of arrowheads and male burials. The archers’ burials correspond to the burial practices of the majority of the Mazunino population. Rare deviations suggest close relations between local communities and other cultures and ethnicities, primarily with nomadic tribes. Bone arrowheads as a primary weapon of the Mazunino warriors continue the previous traditions of the Ananyino, Pyany Bor (Cheganda) / Kara-Abyz Cultures. A comprehensive analysis of the inter-occurrence of implements in male equipment with arrow-heads allowed distinguishing two conventional groups of burials. The first one is characterized by the presence of only arrowheads in the burial equipment. These grave goods were typical for Mazunino population and consisted of ordinary belts, iron knives, beads, etc. The second group was significantly different, as these were individuals who were skilled in using various weapons, and their kit included various types of weapons for both close and long-range combat. Probably, there was a military gradation among such archers, which needs to be supported by analysis of a larger number of the Mazunino burials. The results of our work need to be verified using the an-thropological materials from other Mazunino burial grounds.

scholarly journals The financialization of Danish cooperatives and the debasement of a collective housing good

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Hojer Bruun
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Housing Cooperatives ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Public Sharing ◽  
Collective Housing ◽  
The One ◽  
Political Economic

The article tells the story of Danish cooperative housing’s radical transformation from a collective housing good and commons to a financialized asset during the 2000s when neoliberal housing reforms were introduced and the mortgage finance market was deregulated. Processes of financialization of collectively owned housing have to be understood not only in relation to the dynamics of the surrounding housing market and political-economic changes but also to the communities and social relations that they presuppose and feed off, often in contradictory ways, as people are motivated by both solidarity and private interests. Housing cooperatives have existed as a form of collective housing throughout the 20th century, balanced, on the one hand, between the reproduction of kin, family and local communities and the common good and, on the other, between the market and the reproduction of the base for both families, local communities and the larger public sharing the housing commons. During the 2000s, processes of financialization brought the market and the cooperatives’ base so close together, primarily through new mortgaging opportunities, that families and communities have lost their savings and the base has been undermined, both in a material and an immaterial sense.

Civilian Identities under Fire

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-92
Author(s):  
Alex Dowdall
Keyword(s):  
Local Communities ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Military Violence ◽  
National Media ◽  
War Effort ◽  
New Form ◽  
Town Halls ◽  
The Impact

Chapter 2 charts the impact of militarization and military violence, in particular intense artillery bombardment, on civilian identities on both sides of the lines. It begins with a discussion of the Allied case, where a new form of civilian identity was clearly expressed in public representations. In both the national media and the local press, civilians at the front were represented in soldier-like terms, heroically resisting the enemy in their homes like the soldiers in the trenches nearby. Civilians at the front were urged to identify with the soldiers, but also with their local communities, which came under enemy assault. In this context, notable architectural features including churches, town halls, and cathedrals became rallying points. Private letters and censorship reports demonstrate that many civilians identified with these publicly constructed forms of identity, and used them to respond to the traumatic experience of bombardment. The result was that civilians at the front on the Allied side saw themselves as a distinct and privileged group within the national wartime community. Responses to artillery bombardment were more ambiguous under German occupation, where death and destruction came from Allied guns. The attempts of German propaganda to use bombardment to turn civilians against the Allied war effort were unsuccessful. But civilians’ reactions to Allied shelling, as they emerge in personal diaries, remained ambiguous and troubled, especially when Allied bombardment caused death and injury within the occupied populations.

scholarly journals Social capital as a constitutive element of public security

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-104
Author(s):  
Monika Adamczyk
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Public Security ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Democratic Relations

When looking for new solutions to the old social problems, people pay attention to important issues for the good functioning of today’s society, including interpersonal relations, trust, or standards. The term “social capital” has been used for several decades to describe and explain social and political as well as economic changes that took place as a result of the social and economic transformation. It also refers to activities including, among others, the creation of partnerships and democratic relations in local communities in which the social capital forms a basis of permanent networks of social involvement, trust, and mutuality. The purpose of this article is to present the benefits of the local community arising from social capital resources and their positive impact on public safety.

Bronze Vessels: Style, Assemblages, and Innovations of the Western Zhou Period

2020 ◽  
pp. 450-470
Author(s):  
Yan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Local Communities ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Bronze Vessel ◽  
Bronze Vessels ◽  
Western Zhou ◽  
Military Posts ◽  
Wei River ◽  
Ritual Practices ◽  
Three Phases

This chapter, by employing securely dated vessels, discusses stylistic characteristics of three phases of Western Zhou bronzes in the Zhou metropolitan centers in the Wei River Valley in Central Shaanxi and Luoyang area in Henan. The assemblage of bronze vessels in tombs and caches is also discussed in order to understand Zhou ancestral sacrifices and ritual practices and their changes from the Early to Middle and Late Western Zhou periods. The Zhou interaction with local communities through regional states and military posts beyond the center also stimulated the rise of exotic bronze vessel types inspired by local ceramic traditions.

SOCIAL CAPITAL IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES – ITS IMPORTANCE, CIRCUMSTANCES AND BARRIERS OF PROGRESSION IN THE PROCESS OF COMBATING POVERTY

2021 ◽  
Vol 22T (1 (tematyczny)) ◽  
pp. 2-7
Author(s):  
Dariusz Zalewski
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
New Model ◽  
Main Thesis ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Form

The aim of this article is to present the importance, circumstances, and barriers of social capital progression in the process of combating poverty at a local level. Article refers to project “Capacity – new form of social capital in town community Przasnysz”, which aim is to develop a new model of combating poverty at a local level. The main thesis says the social capital index in Poland is low, and its role is one of the most important defense mechanism against poverty.

Lessons for Long-Term Residential Recovery: Factors of Community Resilience and Marginalization

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Kamel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Community Resilience ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Northridge Earthquake ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Recovery Processes

This paper examines conditions influencing reconstruction and recovery processes following a disaster. The Northridge Earthquake and Hurricane Katrina are illustrative of supra-regional political and economic changes and their effect on local communities during the recovery process. In addition, the paper argues that informal institutions can play an important role in shaping the recovery process and its outcomes.

scholarly journals Revisiting Adorno’s Position on the Relation of Theory to Praxis

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-322
Author(s):  
Maroje Višić
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Critical Theory ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Theorist ◽  
New Form ◽  
Context Dependent

Adorno’s departure from praxis and his focus on theory seemed to be an unnatural move for a critical theorist. Among students and colleagues this was perceived as a serious aberration from Horkheimer’s program. In this paper, two arguments in Adorno’s favor are proposed: firstly, that, rather than separating the theory– praxis couplet, Adorno undertook necessary revisions which made theory more accurate in relation to a world that had undergone profound social, political and economic changes. The “old” theory was anachronistic, subjectless and left completely to the benevolence of blind actionism which represented a new form of (pseudo–) praxis. The author will attempt to demonstrate that Adorno held a firm position on the unity of theory and praxis. The second argument has to do with contemporary praxis. Revisiting Adorno’s thoughts on theory and praxis can teach us two valuable lessons, namely: 1) that theory can reflect on itself, while praxis lacks this capability, and 2) that tactics applied in other societies cannot be imported blindly and unmediatedly because they are context–dependent. Both lessons are extremely valuable for contemporary social movements and especially for those inspired by Marcuse’s version of activist critical theory. Adorno reminds us that resistance can easily slip into repression and that, before it can be changed through praxis, the world must first be (re)interpreted.

scholarly journals Local Communities On The Frontier: Impact of Environment, Population and Socio-Economic Changes in Sota District

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ms Fitriani ◽  
Albertus Yosep Maturan ◽  
Imelda Carolina Laode ◽  
Hubertus Oja ◽  
Godefridus Samderubun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Communities ◽  
Economic Changes

Can tourism value heritage?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 692-695
Author(s):  
Luís Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Need For Recovery ◽  
Content Type ◽  
New Form ◽  
Economic Assets

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the Portuguese REVIVE project, which aims to promote the re-qualification and tourism utilization of a set of national properties with architectural, heritage, historical and cultural value. The purpose is to convert them into economic assets thereby generating employment and wealth throughout the territory. Design/methodology/approach The main decisions related to the REVIVE program are analyzed and related to the sector’s present performance. Findings The heritage need for recovery, as well as its return to public enjoyment through a new form of tourist use, was the motto for the construction of the REVIVE Program. Of the 33 properties identified and integrated in the REVIVE program, 17 are located in the countryside. Out of the total,16 properties have already been put to tender, highlighting that 7 contracts have been signed with the contest winners, in an estimated investment of over €50m. Originality/value This paper shows how the Portuguese Tourism Strategy 2027 identifies as differentiating assets the history, the culture and the identity of territories and local communities. Among other lines of action, it also highlights the valorization of communities and territories, thereby boosting the economy.

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