scholarly journals Do sound symbolism effects for written words relate to individual phonemes or to phoneme features?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 235-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
PADRAIC MONAGHAN ◽  
MATTHEW FLETCHER
Keyword(s):  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Semantic Attributes ◽  
Better Than

abstractThe sound of words has been shown to relate to the meaning that the words denote, an effect that extends beyond morphological properties of the word. Studies of these sound-symbolic relations have described this iconicity in terms of individual phonemes, or alternatively due to acoustic properties (expressed in phonological features) relating to meaning. In this study, we investigated whether individual phonemes or phoneme features best accounted for iconicity effects. We tested 92 participants’ judgements about the appropriateness of 320 nonwords presented in written form, relating to 8 different semantic attributes. For all 8 attributes, individual phonemes fitted participants’ responses better than general phoneme features. These results challenge claims that sound-symbolic effects for visually presented words can access broad, cross-modal associations between sound and meaning, instead the results indicate the operation of individual phoneme to meaning relations. Whether similar effects are found for nonwords presented auditorially remains an open question.

Handwritten and Word-Processed Story Retellings by School-Aged Students Who are Deaf

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody L. Stoner ◽  
Susan R. Easterbrooks ◽  
Joan M. Laughton
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Narrative Form ◽  
School Age ◽  
Story Grammar ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Hearing Children ◽  
Better Than

Research on children with normal hearing shows that the word-processed narratives they produce are better than their handwritten narratives. Hearing children come to school with prior experience in narrating stories, and in school they learn to transfer this to written narrative form. However, children who are deaf and hard of hearing have less experience with storytelling than their same-age hearing peers, and putting stories into written form is a challenge. The purpose of this study was to compare the handwritten narratives of students who are deaf or hard of hearing with their word-processed narratives to see if the benefits experienced by hearing students hold true for students who are deaf. Twenty middle-school age students were asked to provide a narrative using cartoons as stimuli for obtaining written and word-processed samples. Results were compared for length of t-unit, narrative level, and story grammar. For the subjects in this study, the word-processed samples received higher scores for length of t-unit than did the handwritten products, indicating that word-processing encourages more complete products than handwriting. Implications are discussed.

Sensitivity of children's inflection to grammatical structure

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Kim ◽  
Gary F. Marcus ◽  
Steven Pinker ◽  
Michelle Hollander ◽  
Marie Coppola
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Default Rule ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Tree Structures ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Ambiguity Reduction ◽  
Irregular Verbs ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
The City ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACTWhat is the input to the mental System that computes inflected forms likewalked, came, dogs, andmen? Recent connectionist models feed a word's phonological features into a single network, allowing it to generalize both regular and irregular phonological patterns, likestop-stopped, step-steppedandfling-flung, cling-clung. But for adults, phonological input is insufficient: verbs derived from nouns likering the cityalways have regular past tense forms (ringed), even if they are phonologically identical to irregular verbs (ring the bell). Similarly, nouns based on names, liketwo Mickey Mouses, and compounds based on possessing rather than being their root morpheme, such astwo sabertooths, take regular plurals, even when they are homophonous with irregular nouns likemiceandteeth. In four experiments, testing 70 three- to ten-year-old children, we found that children are sensitive to such nonphonological information: they were more likely to produce regular inflected forms for forms liketo ring(‘to put a ring on’) andsnaggletooth(a kind of animal doll with big teeth) than for their homophonous irregular counterparts, even when these counterparts were also extended in meaning. Children's inflectional Systems thus seem to be like adults': irregular forms are tied to the lexicon but regular forms are computed by a default rule, and words are represented as morphological tree structures reflecting their derivation from basic word roots. Such structures, which determine how novel complex words are derived and interpreted, also govern whether words with irregular sound patterns will be regularized: a word can be irregular only if its structure contains an irregular root in ‘head’ position, allowing the lexically stored irregular information to percolate up to apply to the word as a whole. In all other cases, the inflected form is computed by a default regular rule. This proposal fits the facts better than alternatives appealing to ambiguity reduction or semantic similarity to a word's central sense. The results, together with an analysis of adult speech to children, suggest that morphological structure and a distinction between mechanisms for regular and irregular inflection may be inherent to the design of children's language Systems.

scholarly journals Magnetic Brain Response Mirrors Extraction of Phonological Features from Spoken Vowels

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Obleser ◽  
Aditi Lahiri ◽  
Carsten Eulitz
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Source Location ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Vowel Perception ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Phonological Features

This study further elucidates determinants of vowel perception in the human auditory cortex. The vowel inventory of a given language can be classified on the basis of phonological features which are closely linked to acoustic properties. A cortical representation of speech sounds based on these phonological features might explain the surprisingly inverse correlation between immense variance in the acoustic signal and high accuracy of speech recognition. We investigated timing and mapping of the N100m elicited by 42 tokens of seven natural German vowels varying along the phonological features tongue height (corresponding to the frequency of the first formant) and place of articulation (corresponding to the frequency of the second and third formants). Auditoryevoked fields were recorded using a 148-channel whole-head magnetometer while subjects performed target vowel detection tasks. Source location differences appeared to be driven by place of articulation: Vowels with mutually exclusive place of articulation features, namely, coronal and dorsal elicited separate centers of activation along the posterior-anterior axis. Additionally, the time course of activation as reflected in the N100m peak latency distinguished between vowel categories especially when the spatial distinctiveness of cortical activation was low. In sum, results suggest that both N100m latency and source location as well as their interaction reflect properties of speech stimuli that correspond to abstract phonological features.

Patterns and scales of expressive palatalization: Experimental evidence from Japanese

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexei Kochetov ◽  
John Alderete
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Linguistic Patterns ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
The Cross

This article argues for the existence of expressive palatalization (E-Pal) – a phonologically unmotivated process that applies in sound symbolism, diminutive constructions, and babytalk registers. It is proposed that E-Pal is grounded in iconic sound-meaning associations exploiting acoustic properties of palatalized consonants and thus is inherently different from regular phonological palatalization (P-Pal). A cross-linguistic survey of patterns of E-Pal in 37 languages shows that it exhibits a set of properties different from P-Pal. The case study focuses on patterns of palatalization in Japanese mimetic vocabulary and babytalk. Two experiments testing native speaker intuitions of these patterns revealed that both patterns exhibit place and manner asymmetries typical of cross-linguistic patterns of E-Pal. The cross-linguistic survey, the two experiments, and analysis of the origins and structural differences of E-Pal and P-Pal provide strong empirical and theoretical motivation to distinguish the two.

scholarly journals Mg-doped and chemo-thermally treated ZnO nanoflowers for ethanol sensing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santanu Maity ◽  
P.P Sahu ◽  
Tiju Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Gas Sensing ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Doped Zno ◽  
Ethanol Sensing ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Mg Doped

Abstract ZnO nanostructures are promising for a wide range of applications, including gas sensors. Ethanol sensing using ZnO remains unexplored though. In this paper, we report ethanol-sensing using un-doped ZnO nano flowers and Mg doped ZnO nano flowers. These are grown using a rather simple chemo-thermal process, making this a plausibly scalable technology. To study the structural and morphological properties of undoped ZnO and Mg doped ZnO nanoflowers, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) are carried out. Ethanol sensing properties of undoped ZnO and Mg doped ZnO nanoflower devices are investigated toward different ethanol concentration (concentration range of 1–600 ppm at 100°C–200°C). Our findings show that 15% Mg doped ZnO nano flower is better than ZnO nano flower for ethanol gas-sensing applications.

On an Open Question Regarding When Two-Block Pricing Weakly Dominates Two-Part Tariff

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-213
Author(s):  
Frederick Chen
Keyword(s):  
Jel Classification ◽  
Weak Dominance ◽  
Pricing Scheme ◽  
Producer Surplus ◽  
Profit Maximizing ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Block Pricing ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Consumer Types

Leland and Meyer showed through an example that when the distribution of consumer types is nondegenerate, there exist two-block pricing plans that yield strictly higher producer surplus than the profit maximizing two-part tariff scheme. This led them to pose the following question: does weak dominance (in the sense of profit) rather than strict dominance of two-block pricing over two-part tariff hold only when the distribution of buyer-types is degenerate? This note shows that the answer to this question is, No: even when the distribution of consumer types is continuous, it is possible that the best two-block pricing scheme performs no better than the best two-part tariff. JEL Classification: D4

Wada Testing Reveals Frontal Lateralization for the Memorization of Words and Faces

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Kelley ◽  
J. G. Ojemann ◽  
R. D. Wetzel ◽  
C. P. Derdeyn ◽  
C. J. Moran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Wada Test ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Reversible Lesion ◽  
The Right ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Normal Performance ◽  
Better Than

Neuroimaging studies have suggested that specific regions of the frontal and medial temporal cortex are engaged during memory formation. Further, there is specialization across these regions such that verbal materials appear to preferentially engage the left regions while nonverbal materials primarily engage the right regions. An open question, however, has been to what extent frontal regions contribute to successful memory formation. The present study investigates this question using a reversible lesion technique known as the Wada test. Patients memorized words and unfamiliar faces while portions of their left and right hemispheres were temporarily anesthetized with sodium amytal. Subsequent memory tests revealed that faces were remembered better than words following left-hemisphere anesthesia, whereas words were remembered better than faces following right-hemisphere anesthesia. Importantly, inspection of the circulation affected by the amytal further suggests that these memory impairments did not result from direct anesthetization of the medial temporal regions. Taken in the context of the imaging findings, these results suggest that frontal regions may also contribute to memory formation in normal performance.

scholarly journals Approximation and Shape Preserving Properties of the Bernstein Operator of Max-Product Kind

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barnabás Bede ◽  
Lucian Coroianu ◽  
Sorin G. Gal
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Operator ◽  
Approximation Error ◽  
Approximation Order ◽  
Order Of Approximation ◽  
Shape Preserving ◽  
Explicit Constant ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Shape Preserving Properties ◽  
Upper Estimate ◽  
Better Than

Starting from the study of theShepard nonlinear operator of max-prod typeby Bede et al. (2006, 2008), in the book by Gal (2008), Open Problem 5.5.4, pages 324–326, theBernstein max-prod-type operatoris introduced and the question of the approximation order by this operator is raised. In recent paper, Bede and Gal by using a very complicated method to this open question an answer is given by obtaining an upper estimate of the approximation error of the form (with an unexplicit absolute constant ) and the question of improving the order of approximation is raised. The first aim of this note is to obtain this order of approximation but by a simpler method, which in addition presents, at least, two advantages: it produces an explicit constant in front of and it can easily be extended to other max-prod operators of Bernstein type. However, for subclasses of functions including, for example, that of concave functions, we find the order of approximation , which for many functions is essentially better than the order of approximation obtained by the linear Bernstein operators. Finally, some shape-preserving properties are obtained.

Reinforcement in inflection classes: Two cues may be better than one

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Olav Enger
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Change ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Specific Change ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Better Than

The paper presents examples of inflection class reinforcement, where an inflection class becomes more different from its neighbours than it was. This is a manifestation of a diachronic tendency for more overt marking, similar to Kuryłowicz’ first law for analogy. It is also a manifestation of redundancy, which is characteristic of inflection. If inflection classes do not serve any purpose (as claimed by, for example, Wurzel 1986 ), it would seem strange that they should be strengthened. So, classes are not mere junk; reinforcement of class distinctions (polarisation) testifies to the autonomy of morphology (cf., for example, Aronoff 1994 , Carstairs-McCarthy 2010 , Maiden 2011 ). A change in Swedish conjugation is argued to be reinforcement. We consider a case where declension wins over gender in Norwegian, the opposite of what has been claimed to be the norm for that language. That case is also reinforcement. I suggest that reinforcement may be thought of as a kind of simplification. That also fits with the geographical distribution of a specific change. The paper also presents some evidence that a fairly ‘concrete’ definition of inflection classes can sometimes be useful. Inflection classes often latch on to extra-morphological properties in the cases examined, as claimed by Natural Morphology ( Wurzel 1984 ). Yet it is problematic for Wurzel that inflection classes (mere ‘ballast’, in his view, Wurzel 1986 : 76) should be strengthened. The finding is, however, expected if ‘[…] autonomously morphological structure […] can be a dynamic, self-reinforcing factor in morphological change’ ( Maiden 2005 : 168).

Properties of Montmorillonite-Reinforced Thermoplastic Sago Starch Composites

2012 ◽  
Vol 445 ◽  
pp. 469-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Zuraida ◽  
Y. Yusliza ◽  
O. Nurizan ◽  
H. Anuar ◽  
Zahurin Halim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Sago Starch ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Pressing Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Thermal Stability Of ◽  
Better Than

In this work, biodegradable polymer was prepared from thermoplastic sago starch (TPSS) plasticized with glycerol. In order to improve the properties of the TPSS, Montmorillonite (MMT), a kind of reinforced additive was used in the preparation of montmorillonite-reinforced thermoplastic sago starch (MTRSS) composites via hot pressing method. The fabricated samples were investigated through X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) as well as thermal and morphological properties. FT-IR patterns show that in the MTRSS composites, the C-O groups of sago starch molecules shifted to higher wave number, while the reactive hydroxyl groups of MMT shifted to the lower wavenumber. On the other hand, X-ray diffraction revealed that MMT restrained the crystallization of MTRSS and intercalated in TPSS. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the thermal stability of MTRSS was better than those of TPSS. In addition, the scanning electron micrograph results show that MMT were uniformly dispersed in the TPSS.

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