scholarly journals Testing for homologies in the axial skeleton of primitive echinoderms

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 582-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. C. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Open Cover ◽  
Topological Relationship ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Cover Plates

AbstractThe extraxial axial theory is used to investigate homology of ambulacral and oral plating because it predicts terminal branching and terminal addition of plates in the axial skeleton, although exceptions to the former may occur in some Paleozoic echinoderms. The variety of morphological designs and anomalous individuals also provide tests of plate homology. Homology of ambulacra is generally accepted, with the hydropore and/or single gonopore in Carpenter’s CD interray. In the 2-1-2 ambulacral pattern the unbranched ambulacrum is always in Carpenter’s A ray. All ambulacral morphology requires just three instructions: ‘grow,’ ‘branch,’ and ‘stop.’ The range of variation in echinoderms with fewer than five ambulacra implies that both the ‘branch’ and ‘stop’ instructions acted independently in all five rays. Numbers of ambulacra may or may not correlate with numbers of orals. Two basic patterns of ‘cystoid’ oral plating occur; with a single radial (circum-oral, CO) plate from each ambulacrum plus a sixth in the CD interray, and with all six interradial peri-oral (PO) plates, with two in the CD interambulacrum. Five ‘orals’ may involve loss of PO3 or PO6. Erect ambulacral structures are lost first in taphonomy and so poorly known. All ambulacral skeletal elements bear the same topological relationship to ambulacral soft tissues. Where branched ambulacra occur, the trunk or flooring plates are often modified first brachiolars or pinnulars. Both brachioles and pinnules may arise from facets developed on one or two flooring plates. Terminal addition of plates, spacing of brachioles/pinnules, and lack of musculature to open cover plates all suggest that ‘cystoids’ had extensions of the water vascular system in their ambulacra.

scholarly journals Morphological and functional changes in the vertebral column with increasing aquatic adaptation in crocodylomorphs

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 150439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia L. Molnar ◽  
Stephanie E. Pierce ◽  
Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar ◽  
Alan H. Turner ◽  
John R. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Joint Stiffness ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Locomotor System ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Aquatic Adaptation ◽  
Evolutionary Changes

The lineage leading to modern Crocodylia has undergone dramatic evolutionary changes in morphology, ecology and locomotion over the past 200+ Myr. These functional innovations may be explained in part by morphological changes in the axial skeleton, which is an integral part of the vertebrate locomotor system. Our objective was to estimate changes in osteological range of motion (RoM) and intervertebral joint stiffness of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae with increasing aquatic adaptation in crocodylomorphs. Using three-dimensional virtual models and morphometrics, we compared the modern crocodile Crocodylus to five extinct crocodylomorphs: Terrestrisuchus , Protosuchus , Pelagosaurus , Steneosaurus and Metriorhynchus , which span the spectrum from terrestrial to fully aquatic. In Crocodylus , we also experimentally measured changes in trunk flexibility with sequential removal of osteoderms and soft tissues. Our results for the more aquatic species matched our predictions fairly well, but those for the more terrestrial early crocodylomorphs did not. A likely explanation for this lack of correspondence is the influence of other axial structures, particularly the rigid series of dorsal osteoderms in early crocodylomorphs. The most important structures for determining RoM and stiffness of the trunk in Crocodylus were different in dorsoventral versus mediolateral bending, suggesting that changes in osteoderm and rib morphology over crocodylomorph evolution would have affected movements in some directions more than others.

New anomalies and pathologies in the caudal region of the lizard’s axial skeleton

2021 ◽  
Vol 325 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-456
Author(s):  
D.A. Gordeev ◽  
D.V. Korost ◽  
N.B. Ananjeva
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Neural Spine ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Caudal Vertebra ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Complete Ablation ◽  
Lacerta Agilis ◽  
The Right

Currently, more than 58 skeletal anomalies and pathologies are known in the recent Squamata reptiles. In this paper, eight pathologies of a complex nature are described in Agamidae and Lacertidae: Paralaudakia caucasia (Eichwald, 1831) and Lacerta agilis Linnaeus, 1758. Description of tail pathologies was carried out based on the analysis of X-ray images and on the results of computer microtomography. In the specimen of P. caucasia (ЗИН 19116.1) complete ablation of the caudal vertebra was revealed, which provoked the detachment of chevron and the proliferation of soft tissues. In some Agamidae, after pseudoautotomy, partial ablation of the caudal vertebra occurs to promote wound healing. Complete ablation of the distal caudal vertebra has not been previously reported in literature. In females of L. agilis, deformation of the right transverse process of the vertebra with “false bifurcation” without the formation of a cartilaginous tube (VOLSU 98.2), scoliosis, hematoma and callus on the cartilaginous tube were noted, as well as the absence of an autotomy plane in the postpygal vertebra (ZIN 31549). An unusual pathology in L. agilis (ZIN 31549) is the absence of an autotomy plane in the postpigal vertebra and of its anterior neural spine. The loss of the plane of autotomy during ontogeny is characteristic of some Iguanidae, but it has not been previously noted in Lacertidae. The described cases of anomalies expand the spectrum of known pathologies in reptiles.

IV.—A Monograph on the general Morphology of the Myxinoid Fishes, based on a study of Myxine. Part VI. The Morphology of the Vascular System

1926 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Venous System ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
General Morphology ◽  
Visceral Organs ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
Present Section ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Normal Status

The first five parts of this work on the skeleton, muscles, vascular system, and visceral organs were published in the Transactions of the Society in 1905, 1907, 1909, 1912, and 1913.The present section deals with a difficult and puzzling system which adds to its fundamental incongruity a range of variation which reduces the normal status to a condition of speculative uncertainty. The works of A. A. Retzius, J. Müller, and Jackson have resulted in a fairly accurate knowledge of the arterial system; but the venous system, which is much more important as regards its morphological bearings, is only imperfectly known, and the series of so-called veno-lymphatic spaces hardly known at all. Unhappily, material for a study of the development of the vascular system of Myxine has still to be obtained. The smallest individual out of many hundreds which I have collected was over 10 cm. long. Beard records a badly damaged 6·5 cm. specimen and Maas one of 8·5 cm. The structure of Beard's example, which I have examined, does not differ in any noteworthy respect from that of the adult, and hence throws no light on embryonic conditions. Consequently the interpretation of the venous system which has been adopted in this paper awaits embryological confirmation, and is to be regarded in the meantime as a working hypothesis only. The spawning grounds of Myxine have not yet been discovered, and it seems likely that the animal spawns in deep water in places remote from its summer resorts.

The animal-dependent risk factors in canine osteosarcomas

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sapierzyński ◽  
M. Czopowicz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Tumor Location ◽  
Appendicular Skeleton ◽  
Canine Osteosarcoma

Abstract Canine osteosarcoma (OSA) is a malignant neoplastic tumor, which develops from the primitive mesenchymal stem cell, that has or can acquire the capacity to produce neoplastic osteoid with possible neoplastic bone formation. Predisposition of some dog breeds to OSA indicates genetic background of oncogenesis. The aim of the study was to characterize animal-dependent risk factors for canine osteosarcoma development in Poland. The study was conducted on canine patients diagnosed cytologically or histopathologically as having OSA, and data on age, breed, sex, as well as tumor location and character were recorded. No sex predisposition to OSA was observed, mongrels were significantly underrepresented. Large and giant dogs accounted for 47% and 35% of all pedigree dogs, respectively, and both proved predisposed to OSA. A vast majority of OSA developed in the skeleton (appendicular skeleton was more commonly affected than axial skeleton), soft tissues were affected less often. Rottweiler dogs are strongly predisposed to OSA, suggesting that the genetic background is involved in the tumor development, and indicates that dogs of this breed are a promising object for further studies on OSA pathogenesis.

scholarly journals A new ophiocistioid with soft-tissue preservation from the Silurian Herefordshire Lagerstätte, and the evolution of the holothurian body plan

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1900) ◽  
pp. 20182792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran A. Rahman ◽  
Jeffrey R. Thompson ◽  
Derek E. G. Briggs ◽  
David J. Siveter ◽  
Derek J. Siveter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Optical Tomography ◽  
Body Plan ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Stepwise Reduction ◽  
Paraphyletic Group ◽  
Extinct Group ◽  
A New Species

Reconstructing the evolutionary assembly of animal body plans is challenging when there are large morphological gaps between extant sister taxa, as in the case of echinozoans (echinoids and holothurians). However, the inclusion of extinct taxa can help bridge these gaps. Here we describe a new species of echinozoan, Sollasina cthulhu , from the Silurian Herefordshire Lagerstätte, UK. Sollasina cthulhu belongs to the ophiocistioids, an extinct group that shares characters with both echinoids and holothurians. Using physical–optical tomography and computer reconstruction, we visualize the internal anatomy of S. cthulhu in three dimensions, revealing inner soft tissues that we interpret as the ring canal, a key part of the water vascular system that was previously unknown in fossil echinozoans. Phylogenetic analyses strongly suggest that Sollasina and other ophiocistioids represent a paraphyletic group of stem holothurians, as previously hypothesized. This allows us to reconstruct the stepwise reduction of the skeleton during the assembly of the holothurian body plan, which may have been controlled by changes in the expression of biomineralization genes.

scholarly journals AutoBend: An automated approach for estimating intervertebral joint function from bone-only digital models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K E Jones ◽  
R J Brocklehurst ◽  
S E Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Functional Evolution ◽  
Joint Function ◽  
Joint Spacing ◽  
Center Of Rotation ◽  
Extinct Species ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Deciphering the biological function of rare or extinct species is key to understanding evolutionary patterns across the tree of life. While soft tissues are vital determinants of joint function, they are rarely available for study. Therefore, extracting functional signals from skeletons, which are more widely available via museum collections, has become a priority for the field of comparative biomechanics. While most work has focused on the limb skeleton, the axial skeleton plays a critical role in body support, respiration, and locomotion, and is therefore of central importance for understanding broad-scale functional evolution. Here, we describe and experimentally validate AutoBend, an automated approach to estimating intervertebral joint function from bony vertebral columns. AutoBend calculates osteological range of motion (oROM) by automatically manipulating digitally articulated vertebrae while incorporating multiple constraints on motion, including both bony intersection and the role of soft tissues by restricting excessive strain in both centrum and zygapophyseal articulations. Using AutoBend and biomechanical data from cadaveric experiments on cats and tegus, we validate important modeling parameters required for oROM estimation, including the degree of zygapophyseal disarticulation, and the location of the center of rotation. Based on our validation, we apply a model with the center of rotation located within the vertebral disc, no joint translation, around 50% strain permitted in both zygapophyses and discs, and a small amount of vertebral intersection permitted. Our approach successfully reconstructs magnitudes and craniocaudal patterns of motion obtained from ex vivo experiments, supporting its potential utility. It also performs better than more typical methods that rely solely on bony intersection, emphasizing the importance of accounting for soft tissues. We estimated the sensitivity of the analyses to vertebral model reconstruction by varying joint spacing, degree of overlap, and the impact of landmark placement. The effect of these factors was small relative to biological variation craniocaudally and between bending directions. Within, we also present a new approach for estimating joint stiffness directly from oROM and morphometric measurements that can successfully reconstruct the craniocaudal patterns, but not magnitudes, derived from experimental data. Together, this work represents a significant step forward for understanding vertebral function in difficult-to-study (e.g., rare or extinct) species, paving the way for a broader understanding of patterns of functional evolution in the axial skeleton.

18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Contributes to the Diagnosis and Management of Infections in Patients With Multiple Myeloma: A Study of 165 Infectious Episodes

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (31) ◽  
pp. 7857-7863 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mahfouz ◽  
M.H. Miceli ◽  
F. Saghafifar ◽  
S. Stroud ◽  
L. Jones-Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Severe Neutropenia ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Work Up

PurposeCorrectly identifying infection in cancer patients can be challenging. Limited data suggest that positron emission tomography (PET) using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) may be useful for diagnosing infection. To determine the role of FDG-PET in the diagnosis of infection in patients with multiple myeloma (MM).Patients and MethodsThe medical records of 248 patients who had FDG-PET performed for MM staging or infection work-up revealing increased uptake at extramedullary sites and/or bones and joints that would be atypical for MM between October 2001 and May 2004 were reviewed to identify infections and evaluate FDG-PET contribution to patient outcome.ResultsOne hundred sixty-five infections were identified in 143 adults with MM. Infections involved the respiratory tract [99; pneumonia (93), sinusitis (six)], bone, joint and soft tissues [26; discitis (10), osteomyelitis (nine), septic arthritis (one), cellulitis (six)], vascular system [18; septic thrombophlebitis (nine), infection of implantable catheter (eight), septic emboli (one)], gastrointestinal tract [12; colitis (seven), abdominal abscess (three), and diverticulitis and esophagitis (one each)], and dentition [periodontal abscess (10)]. Infections were caused by bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses. FDG-PET detected infection even in patients with severe neutropenia and lymphopenia (30 episodes). The FDG-PET findings identified infections not detectable by other methods (46 episodes), determined extent of infection (32 episodes), and led to modification of work-up and therapy (55 episodes). Twenty silent, but clinically relevant, infections were detected among patients undergoing staging FDG-PET.ConclusionIn patients with MM, FDG-PET is a useful tool for diagnosing and managing infections even in the setting of severe immunosuppression.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF GRAFTSKIN TO ACCELERATE HEALING OF ULCERS IN DIABETIC FOOT SYNDROME

2016 ◽  
Vol 175 (5) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Binienko ◽  
A. A. Kotslova ◽  
V. V. Davydenko ◽  
T. D. Vlasov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Diabetic Foot Syndrome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Dermal Equivalent ◽  
Method Factors

Diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) is one of the severe and more frequent complications of diabetes. It is characterized by occurrence of chronic purulent necrotic processes (trophic ulcers) on the foot with damage of skin, soft tissues and osteoarticular system due to pathological changes in the peripheral nervous system (diabetic neuropathy) and vascular system (diabetic angiopathy). This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of accelerating of wound healing in DFS by using the dermal equivalent (graftskin) and determine the safety of the method, factors and indications for its application. The research included 60 patients with DFS who were cured at the period from 2013 to 2016 in departments of purulent surgery of Hospital of war veterans and Municipal hospital № 14 of Saint-Petersburg. The patients were divided into 2 groups by random sampling of two comparable groups in age and sex. The patients of main group were treated by standard method and using application of dermal equivalent (DE) on the area of trophic ulcers. The patients of control group had only standard treatment. The DE showed a high efficacy in the main group of patients. The application of DE in complex treatment of patients with DFS stimulated processes of healing and accelerated the rate of epithelization. The application of DE was the most effective in patients with neuropathic form of DFS.

scholarly journals Athenacrinus n. gen. and other early echinoderm taxa inform crinoid origin and arm evolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Guensburg ◽  
James Sprinkle ◽  
Rich Mooi ◽  
Bertrand Lefebvre ◽  
Bruno David ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
Character Analysis ◽  
Early Ordovician ◽  
New Family ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Cover Plates

AbstractIntermediate morphologies of a new fossil crinoid shed light on the pathway by which crinoids acquired their distinctive arms. Apomorphies originating deep in echinoderm history among early nonblastozoan pentaradiate echinoderms distinguish Tremadocian (earliest Ordovician) crinoid arms from later taxa. The brachial series is separated from the ambulacra, part of the axial skeleton, by lateral plate fields. Cover plates are arrayed in two tiers, and floor plates expressed podial basins and pores. Later during the Early Ordovician, floor plates contacted and nestled into brachials, then were unexpressed as stereom elements entirely and cover plates were reduced to a single tier. Incorporation of these events into a parsimony analysis supports crinoid origin deep in echinoderm history separate from blastozoans (eocrinoids, ‘cystoids’). Arm morphology is exceptionally well-preserved in the late Tremadocian to early Floian Athenacrinus broweri new genus new species. Character analysis supports a hypothesis that this taxon originated early within in the disparid clade. Athenacrinus n. gen. (in Athenacrinidae new family) is the earliest-known crinoid to express what is commonly referred to as ‘compound’ or ‘biradial’ morphology. This terminology is misleading in that no evidence for implied fusion or fission of radials exists, rather it is suggested that this condition arose through disproportionate growth.UUID: http://zoobank.org/b383e039-3298-4472-a7e3-e81684f87cfe

scholarly journals Multiple Solitary Plasmacytoma: A Rare Presentation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Aravind Reddy Kuchkuntla ◽  
◽  
Nitish Singh Nandu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cell ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow Involvement ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
Solitary Plasmacytoma ◽  
Rare Presentation ◽  
Left Femur ◽  
The Right

Plasmacytomas are localized tumors of monoclonal plasma cells, typically affecting the axial skeleton and present as solitary bone lesions known as solitary bone plasmacytomas (SBP). Another type of plasmacytomas are extramedullary plasmacytomas (EP) that are localized plasma cell neoplasms affecting the soft tissues such as skin, brain lymph nodes etc. These tumors are account for 5-10% of all plasma cell disorders and among these tumors a rare entity is a multiple solitary plasmacytoma (MSP). MSPs are rare and account for only 5% of all SBPs. MSP presents with multiple SBPs with or without EPs with no bone marrow involvement as multiple myeloma. Literature is limited on MSP as it is a rare diagnosis. Here, we present a case of a 64-year-old male who presented with shoulder pain after a fall, found to have an SBP of the right shoulder, SBP of left femur and a left hypopharyngeal EP. The tumors were excised and he was treated with 6 cycles of bortezomib and dexamethasone. After chemotherapy and radiation patient showed good response and remained in remission on follow up.

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