scholarly journals PARADOXES OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOMANDREPRESSION IN (POST-)SOVIET CONTEXTS

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathijs Pelkmans
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Religious Experience ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Religious Revival ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Religious Expression ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Inequalities

AbstractThe religious revival that followed the collapse of the USSR provides an excellent opportunity to compare the dynamics of projects of religious freedom with those of religious repression. Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in Georgia and Kyrgyzstan, this article documents the contradictory effects that both repressive and liberal policies and laws have on religious expression. Thus, while Soviet anti-religious policies undeniably caused much suffering and hardship, religious repression also contributed to an intensification of religious experience among certain Muslim and evangelical groups. And while religious freedom laws expanded the scope for public religious organization and expression, they also produced new inequalities between religious groups, as the cases of Georgia and Kyrgyzstan demonstrate. Ultimately, the article shows that the effects of liberal and repressive laws are far from straightforward and need to be analyzed in relation to the social context in which they are applied.

scholarly journals Special Solicitude: Religious Freedom at America’s Public Universities

Laws ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
William E. Thro
Keyword(s):  
First Amendment ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Public Universities ◽  
Religious Organizations ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Religious Expression ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Government

Rejecting the Obama Administration’s argument that the First Amendment requires identical treatment for religious organizations and secular organizations, the Supreme Court held such a “result is hard to square with the text of the First Amendment itself, which gives special solicitude to the rights of religious organizations.” (Hosanna-Tabor, 565 U.S. at 189). This “special solicitude” guarantees religious freedom from the government in all aspects of society, but particularly on public university campuses. At a minimum, religious expression and religious organizations must have equal rights with secular expression and secular organizations. In some instances, religious expression and religious expression may have greater rights. The Court’s 2020 decisions in Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, and Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru, reinforce and expand the “special solicitude” of religion. Indeed, Espinoza and Our Lady have profound implications for student religious groups at America’s public campuses. This article examines religious freedom at America’s public universities. This article has three parts. First, it offers an overview of religious freedom prior to Espinoza and Our Lady. Second, it briefly discusses those two cases. Third, it explores the implications of those decisions on America’s public campuses.

Reconceptualizing Types of Religious Organization

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Bromley ◽  
J. Gordon Melton
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Organizational Forms ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Relational Approach ◽  
New Religions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Economies ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Over Time

One important theoretical task in the study of religion is distinguishing among the different organizational forms that religious groups assume. The most influential typology of religious organization has been based upon distinctions of church, denomination, sect, and cult. However, the various formulations of this typology have proved problematic, theoretically and empirically, and of little use to new religions scholars. We propose a relational approach to categorizing religious groups based on the social and cultural relationship of a group to established institutions (including religion). This approach yields four types of tradition groups: dominant, sectarian, alternative, and emergent. We argue that a relationally based typology is particularly useful in mapping religious economies, conducting comparative analysis, and tracking the changing status of religious groups over time.

Architectural Design Controls on Places of Worship in Australia: State Encroachment on Religious Expression and Exercise

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-92
Author(s):  
Noel G. Villaroman
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Religious Expression ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Constituent Element ◽  
The Right

Abstract This article analyses the ramifications to the right to religious freedom when the design of proposed places of worship is subjected to architectural design controls imposed by Australian planning authorities. First, such design controls can impinge on the freedom of religious expression—that is, the ability of religious communities to express their beliefs through their built structures. Such expression of beliefs may be vital to their prescribed manner of worship, observance, practice or teaching. Second, they can pose a physical obstacle to a religious group’s freedom of religious exercise—that is, their actual conduct of rituals, ceremonies and other kinds of worship. It is argued that the rigid application of design controls hinders the ability of religious groups in Australia to fully exercise their right to establish and maintain places of worship which is a constituent element of the right to religious freedom as guaranteed in international human rights law.

Freedom of Religion in post-secular Australia

2021 ◽  
pp. 003776862110147
Author(s):  
Adam Possamai ◽  
Alphia Possamai-Inesedy
Keyword(s):  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Freedom Of Religion ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Social Tension ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Social

Habermas coined the term post-secularism to reflect a time period in which religions are given a more central part in social and political life. Even if there is more openness to religion, many religious groups would claim that Western societies are nevertheless still dominated by secularism and want to ensure that freedom of religion and belief remain protected and promoted. This article explores the recent Australian Religious Freedom Review as a case study of the social tension between freedom for and from religion to argue that we might have moved beyond a post-secular sphere in this country. In this phase, what is meant by freedom of religion has shifted from a focus in having all religious groups being able to freely practice their faith to a focus by some mainstream religions to remain free to discriminate on the basis of their faith.

AHMADIYAH DALAM LINGKAR TEOLOGI ISLAM (Analisis Sosial atas Sejarah Munculnya Ahmadiyah)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moh Muhtador
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Social Approach ◽  
Religious School ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Teaching ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theological Thought

Abstrac. This paper specifically discusses the Islamic sects from the social aspect, given the birth of the religious school can not be separated from the social environment. Social behavior has shaped the character in understanding the teachings of religion, thus giving birth to religious streams adapted to the local social context. Therefore, the growth of Islam is part of social interaction and religious teachings that become the repertoire of Islamic theological thought, such as Ahmadiyah. As a religious organization, the birth of Ahmadiyah is not much different from the birth of Shia, Sunni and Khawarij. Given that each sect has a different social character at the beginning of its birth, so does the Ahmadiyya. the sociologically Ahmadiyya is a portrait of the Islamic struggle in India with the surrounding theological character. This study is a research library that aims to analyze the history of Islamic theological thought by using social approach. Hopefully, it can open Islamic discourse related to the birth of sect in Islam, especially Ahmadiyah. Given the birth of a sect is not a religious teaching that comes from God, but part of one's ijtihad in answering social problems in a time. Keywords: Ahmadiyah, Islamic theologi, social Abstrak. Tulisan ini secara khusus mendiskusikan sekte-sekte Islam dari aspek sosial, mengingat lahirnya aliran keagamaan tidak bisa lepas dari lingkungan sosial. Perilaku sosial  telah membentuk karakter dalam memahami ajaran agama, sehingga melahirkan aliran-aliran keagamaan yang disesuaikan dengan konteks sosial setempat. Oleh sebab itu, tumbuhnya aliran Islam adalah bagian dari interaksi sosial dan ajaran agama yang menjadi khazanah pemikiran teologi Islam, seperti Ahmadiyah. Sebagai sebuah organisasi keagamaan, lahirnya Ahmadiyah tidak jauh berbeda dengan lahirnya Syiah, Sunni dan Khawarij. Mengingat masing-masing sekte memiliki karakter sosial berbeda pada awal kelahirannya, begitu juga Ahmadiyah. secara sosiologis Ahmadiyah adalah potret dari pergulatan Islam di India dengan karakter teologis yang melingkupi. Kajian ini merupakan library research yang bertujuan untuk menganalisa sejarah pemikiran teologi Islam dengan menggunakan pendekatan sosial. Diharapkan, dapat membuka wacana keislaman terkait dengan lahirnya sekte dalam Islam, terutama Ahmadiyah. Mengingat lahirnya sekte bukan ajaran agama yang datang dari Tuhan, tetapi bagian dari ijtihad seseorang dalam menjawab problem sosial dalam suatu masa. Kata Kunci: Ahmadiyah, teologi Islam, sosial

REVITALISASI AGAMA DI SULUT(KASUS STUDI KELOMPOK ALIRAN SYIAH DI MANADO)

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Amin
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Political Reform ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
The Social ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Depth Interviews

Abstract. This study discusses the social history and development of Shiite groups in Manado. It is known in Manado that there are Shi'ite religious groups with various organizations. This study wants to answer the question: how come and the development of Shi'ite followers in Manado. Start when it comes and develops. Who are the characters, and how they relate to similar flow groups in Indonesia. Through the method of observation and in-depth interviews with various parties involved in Manado and surrounding areas, this research found several important things including: the understanding or ideological thinking of the Shi'a sect has basically been accepted since the development of Islamic activism which was rolled out after the 1979 Iranian revolution. became a religious organization along with the opening of the taps of political reform in Indonesia, precisely in 2005 when the Shiite-based study groups began to develop in Manado. The acceptance of this group is mainly due to emotional closeness both in terms of kinship or other social relations between the group figures and their followers. The acceptance of this group is also due to the phenomenon of "curiosity" about the new flow that is opposed but it actually makes new followers get a new "interesting" understanding in religion. Meanwhile, the refusal of the sect was due to unbalanced information from actual Shiite sources. The Shi'a sect in Manado is not in an extreme Shia category that infiltrates, opposes and spread hatred towards other Islamic groups. With these findings, this study recommends that the Shiite sect is not a scourge or threat to Muslims in North Sulawesi. In fact, they must be embraced to cooperate in advancing Muslims in this region. Differences in furu or non-fundametal understandings should not be used as an excuse to marginalize this group of Muslims in Manado, North Sulawesi.. Keywords: Syiah, Manado. Abstrak. Penelitian ini mendiskusikan tentang sejarah sosial dan perkembangan kelompok Syiah di Manado. Diketahui di Manado terdapat aliran kelompok keagamaan Syiah dengan berbagai organisasinya. Penelitian ini ingin menjawab pertanyaan: bagaimana datang dan berkembangnya penganut aliran Syiah di Manado. Mulai kapan datang dan berkembang. Siapa tokoh-tokohnya, dan bagaimana keterkaitannya dengan kelompok aliran serupa di Indonesia. Melalui metode observasi dan wawancara mendalam dengan berbagai pihak yang terkait di Manado dan sekitarnya, penelitian ini menemukan beberapa hal penting di antaranya : pemahaman atau pemikiran ideologis aliran Syiah pada dasarnya sudah diterima sejak berkembangnya aktivisme islam yang di gulirkan pasca revolusi Iran 1979. Namun baru berkembang menjadi organisasi keagamaan bersamaan dengan dibukanya kran reformasi politik di Indonesia, tepatnya tahun 2005 saat mulai berkembangnya kelompok-kelompok pengajian berpaham Syiah di Manado. Penerimaan yang terjadi terhadap kelompok ini utamanya karena kedekatan emosi baik secara kekerabatan atau hubungan sosial lainnya antara figur-figur kelompok tersebut dengan para pengikutnya. Penerimaan terhadap kelompok ini juga karena fenomena “penasaran” terhadap aliran baru yang ditentang tapi justru membuatpengikut baru mendapatkan pemahaman baru yang “menarik” dalam beragama. Sementara itu, penolakan-penolakan terhadap kelompok aliran ini lebih disebabkan karena informasi yang tidak seimbang dari sumber-sumber Syiah yang sebenarnya. Kelompok aliran Syiah di Manado bukan dalam kategori syiah ekstrim yang mengkafirkan, memusuhi, dan menyebarkan kebencian terhadap kelompok Islam lainnya. Dengan temuan ini, penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar kelompok aliran Syiah tidak dijadikan momok atau ancaman bagi umat Islam di Sulawesi Utara. Bahkan harus dirangkul untuk bekerja sama dalam memajukan umat Islam di Wilayah ini. Perbedaan pemahaman yang bersifat furu atau bukan fundametal janganlah dijadikan alasan unntuk meminggirkan kelompok ini dari bagian umat Islam di Manado Sulawesi Utara. Keywords: Syiah, Manado.

scholarly journals Threat From the South

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Vanderwoerd
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Religious Expression ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Role Of Religion

Recent advances in the role of religion in social welfare in the USA pose both threats and opportunities for social welfare in Canada. Should Canada emulate or resist the US pattern of increased partnerships between government and religion in addressing social problems? This paper raises three questions for consideration regarding the role of religion and its relationship with government in Canadian social welfare: 1) To what extent does government’s relationship with religion favour particular religious groups over others? 2) To what extent does government’s relationship with religious groups encourage or limit freedom of religious expression for individuals and groups? 3) To what extent does government’s relationship with religion indicate a retreat from state responsibility for addressing social problems? The paper concludes with implications for Canadian social welfare and suggests how the social work profession can respond.

The Social Context of an Epidemic

1987 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 1004-1007
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Herek
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
The Social
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