scholarly journals Reconsidering NATO expansion: a counterfactual analysis of Russia and the West in the 1990s

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Marten
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The West ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Threat Perceptions ◽  
Partnership For Peace ◽  
Nato Enlargement ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

AbstractThis article re-examines the history of NATO’s original post-Cold War enlargement to include the Visegrad states of Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. It uses both published materials and the author’s new interviews with key US and Russian policymakers, and employs robust qualitative counterfactual methods to ask two questions: whether there were any realistic alternatives to NATO enlargement, and whether NATO enlargement was responsible for the downturn in Russian relations with the West. It concludes that domestic politics were the dominant factors explaining policy directions on both the US and Russian sides; that NATO enlargement was probably inevitable given US domestic political factors and West European acquiescence; that Russia’s turn against the West preceded the NATO expansion discussion in the US; that the tenor of the Russian turn is explained by status concerns rather than military threat perceptions, and that it was aggravated most by Western unilateral airstrikes rather than NATO’s geographical enlargement; and that the one policy initiative that might have realistically slowed NATO enlargement if it had been adopted differently, Partnership for Peace, did not affect those Russian status concerns and thus could not have redirected the relationship.

The Dilemma between Aligned Expectations and Diversity in Innovation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timur Ergen
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
Synthetic Fuel ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Technology Policies ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Innovation Processes

This chapter brings together arguments from economics, sociology, and political economy to show that innovation processes are characterized by a dilemma between the advantages of aligned expectations—including greater coordination and investment—and those of diversity, including superior openness to new technological possibilities. To illustrate the argument, the chapter discusses a historical case involving one of the largest coordinated peace-time attempts to hasten technological innovation in the history of capitalism, namely the US energy technology policies of the 1970s and 1980s. Close examination of the commercialization of photovoltaics and synthetic fuel initiatives illustrates both sides of the dilemma between shared versus diverse expectations in innovation: coordination but possible premature lock-in on the one hand, and openness but possible stagnation on the other. The chapter shows that even the exploration and interpretation of new technologies may be as much a product of focused investment as of trial-and-error search.

scholarly journals OIL AND GAS MODELING GENERARION IN THE JURASSIC SEDIMENTS IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN OF THE WEST SIBERIAN PETROLEUM PROVINSE

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Elena A. Glukhova ◽  
Pavel I. Safronov ◽  
Lev M. Burshtein
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Thermal History ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Flow Density ◽  
Basin Modeling ◽  
Heat Flow Density ◽  
The West ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

The article presents the one-dimensional basin modeling performed in four wells to reconstruct the thermal history of deposits and reconstruct the effective values of the heat flow density.

scholarly journals The Philosophical Proof for God’s Existence between Europe and the Islamic World: Reflections on an Entangled History of Philosophy and Its Contemporary Relevance

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Rudolph ◽  
Roman Seidel
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Cosmological Argument ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Ontological Proof ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

AbstractThe Argument for God’s Existence is one of the major issues in the history of philosophy. It also constitutes an illuminating example of a shared philosophical problem in the entangled intellectual histories of Europe and the Islamic World. Drawing on Aristotle, various forms of the argument were appropriated by both rational Islamic Theology (kalām) and Islamic philosophers such as Avicenna. Whereas the argument, reshaped, refined and modified, has been intensively discussed throughout the entire post-classical era, particularly in the Islamic East, it has likewise been adopted in the West by thinkers such as the Hebrew Polymath Maimonides and the Medieval Latin Philosopher and Theologian Thomas Aquinas. However, these mutual reception-processes did not end in the middle ages. They can be witnessed in the twentieth century and even up until today: On the one hand, we see a Middle Eastern thinker like the Iranian philosopher Mahdī Ḥāʾirī Yazdī re-evaluating Kant’s fundamental critique of the classical philosophical arguments for God’s existence, in particular of the ontological proof, and refuting the critique. On the other hand, an argument from creation brought forward by the Islamic Theologian and critic of the peripatetic tradition al-Ghazāli has been adopted by a strand of Western philosophers who label their own version “The Kalām-cosmological Argument”. By discussing important cornerstones in the history of the philosophical proof for God’s existence we argue for a re-consideration of current Eurocentric narratives in the history of philosophy and suggest that such a transcultural perspective may also provide inspiration for current philosophical discourses between Europe, the Middle East and beyond.

Hope, Despair, and Justice in Postwar European Culture: Bicycle Thieves, The Plague, and The Man Outside as Case Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-82
Author(s):  
Amir Engel
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
European Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Emotional Disposition ◽  
Do So

Abstract While there is growing interest in the postwar era, the cultural characteristics of the period after World War II and the period’s historical scope are still largely underdetermined. The purpose of this article is to offer a more nuanced use of the term postwar and insights into the cultural landscape of this enormously significant moment in the history of the West. To do so, it examines three major works of what is termed here the immediate postwar. These works are fundamentally dissimilar and yet, it is argued, share an emotional disposition. As shown, all three works exhibit a complex dialectical coupling of horror and anticipation. In other words, this article demonstrates that the cultural production of the postwar period (in the exact sense of the term) is characterized, on the one hand, by a sincere depiction of suffering and depravity but, on the other, by an intense engagement with questions about the moral and social future.

scholarly journals Why Europe and the West? Why Not China?

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S Landes
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Technological Advance ◽  
The West ◽  
European Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

In the history of technological development, why didn't other regions keep up with Europe? This is an important question, as one learns almost as much from failure as from success. The one civilization that was in a position to match and even anticipate the European achievement was China. China had two chances: first, to generate a continuing, self-sustaining process of scientific and technological advance on the basis of its indigenous traditions and achievements; and second, to learn from European science and technology once the foreign “barbarians” entered the Chinese domain in the sixteenth century. China failed both times. What explains the first failure? I stress the role of the market: the fact that enterprise was free in Europe while China lacked a free market and institutionalized property rights; that in Europe innovation worked and paid, while the Chinese state was always stepping in to interfere with private enterprise. As for the second failure, China's cultural triumphalism combined with petty downward tyranny made it a singularly bad learner.

scholarly journals Islam, Modernism and the West

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 132-136
Author(s):  
Francis Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Clash Of Civilizations ◽  
The West ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Concern ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Many

The relations between Muslim peoples and the West, and between Muslimpeoples and forms of modernity, have become increasingly pressing issues ofscholarly and political concern over the past twenty-five years. In part, this isdue to the growing power of Islamism in the lives and politics of many Muslimsocieties and, in part, to the fact that some fonns of Islamism can appear to beprofoundly hostile to all that the West represents. The growing presence ofMuslim peoples in Western societies and the many assumptions which thatpresence calls into question has also caused scholars and politicians to focus onthese relations. Add to this the fact that some leading members of the Westernpolicy establishment, most notably the US political scientist S. P. Huntington, have come to talk in the post-cold war era of a “clash of civilizations” in whichthe clash between Islam and the West is the most profound and the most dangerousfor world p e .This book, which contains sixteen essays by Muslim and non-Muslim scholars,mainly from institutions in Europe and the Arab world, sets out to addresskey issues in the relations between Muslims, modernity, and the West. It is theoutcome of a symposium held in Toledo, Spain, in April 1996, which wasprompted by the Eleni Nakou Foundation for the promotion of cultural contactand understanding among European peoples, and held under the auspices of theJose Ortega y Gasset Foundation. &ma Martin Muiioz, professor of Sociologyof the Arab and Islamic World at the Autonoma University of Madrid was theintellectual “playmaker” of the occasion. Due to its Islamic past and the fundamentalrole it played in transmitting Islamic learning and culture for thedevelopment of Christian Europe, Spain was a goad choice of location for theaonference ...

scholarly journals Train Travel as the Basis of the Plot in Bunin’s Works Part one: East and West

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-370
Author(s):  
D. D. Nikolaev
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
Similar Tendency ◽  
Ideological Struggle ◽  
History Of ◽  
East And West ◽  
October 17 ◽  
The One

Train travel is one of the most frequently used motives in I. A. Bunins’ works. In the center of the plot of the “Zapisnaya knizhka” (“Notebook”) (“Novaya Russkaya Zhizn” (Gelsingfors), 1921, April 2), subsequently reworked into the story “Tretiy klass” (“Third Class”) is the voyage on the train on Ceylon. Train ride in France becomes the basis of the plot of the story “Notre-dame de la garde”, published in the newspaper “Vozrozhdenie” (“Renaissance”) (Paris) on October 17, 1925. These works are united not only by the same fiction method (we see another country and its inhabitants through the eyes of a Russian passenger on the train), but also by direct textual parallels in newspaper publications. In both cases, the train becomes a ‘mirror’ of the country: the first is the train of the East and the second is the train of the West. The contrast between East and West is most clearly pointed in the “Zapisnaya knizhka”, where it is associated with the ideological struggle of 1921. In the newspaper Bunin wrote about the West no less than about the East. The main characters of his work were the British. But in the story “Tretiy klass”, published in 1926 in “Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya” (“Illustrated Russia”), the actual publicistic pathos becomes unnecessary. A similar tendency towards a decrease in the concrete historical publicistic pathos we can find in the history of the text of the story “Notre-dame de la garde”. Here, the changes are also associated with the reduction of the universal-social that played an important role in the newspaper and its replacement with the simply universal. The plot allows Bunin to show France from different sides, as well as declare his attitude towards the country. The system of oppositions in the newspaper version of the story “Notre-dame de la garde” is more complicated than in the one in the collected works – later Bunin renounces the class characteristic. The poster-ideal West turns out to be a deception, but the destruction of external, advertising harmony does not mean the absence of beauty and internal harmony. The types created by Bunin in the story have both a national and universal character.

scholarly journals Review: The Indispensable Force: The Post-Cold War Operational Army Reserve, 1990-2010

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Julie A. Higbee
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Active Duty ◽  
Army Reserve ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Us Army ◽  
Narrative History ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Strategic Reserve

The Indispensable Force, by Katherine Coker, offers a narrative history of the US Army Reserve in the 1990s and 2000s, when the Reserve transitioned from being a “strategic reserve,” deployed after the active duty army, to an “operational reserve,” frequently deployed along with the active army.

Australian Fiction, the 1980s, and the US Trade Paperback

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Birns
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
Cultural Impact ◽  
Publication History ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Culture ◽  
The One ◽  
Pluralistic World

The emergence of the trade paperback in the 1980s crucially transformed the way in which Australian literature was received in North America. The publication history of Patrick White on the one hand and Glenda Adams and Peter Carey on the other shows how younger writers actually made more of a cultural impact, despite White’s Nobel Prize, because the form in which they met the reading public was one freed from the modernist binary between high and low culture. The 1980s saw the emergence of a more globalized and more culturally pluralistic world—though also one much more pervaded by multinational capital—in which Australian writers flourished.

Islam, the West, and Ethnonationalism

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-68
Author(s):  
Iftikhar Malik
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Nuclear Proliferation ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
The West ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The Us ◽  
Western View ◽  
New Generation

Western analysis, due to its dangerous oversimplification of Islam and othermatters in the Muslim world, has traditionally seen the appearance of anyindigenous movement calling for change and improvement in the name of Islamas a major threat. Muslims continue to be viewed in the stereotypical perspectiveof the “us-against-them” syndrome, a practice which prevents a propercomprehension of the dynamics and dilemmas faced by Muslims in thepostcolonial era. The Western media and, to some extent, academia thrive onsuch themes as minority rights, nuclear proliferation, human rights, anddemocracy, which they use as barometers. Based on the data which they collect,they then pass sweeping decrees about Muslim countries. Internal diversity andconflict receive a great deal of attention, whereas human achievements andcivilizational artifacts are considered as “foreign” to the Muslim ethos. Islamas a religion is reduced to so-called “fundamentalism” and a mere puritanicaland/or coercive theological orthodoxy. Moreover, no distinction is made betweenIslam as a religion and Muslim cultures and societies, nor between Muslimaspirations for unity and the realities of national and ethnic differentiation. Theresult is a Western view which both distorts and demonizes a large part of theMuslim world.As if this were not enough, Muslims in the post-Cold War era are now beingpresented and “imagined” as the next enemy. Among the factors responsible forthis are a) the multiple nature of the Muslim world, given its geostrategic locationright next to Europe; b) Islam as the second major religion in the West; and c)the assertion of a new generation of Muslim expatriate communities at a time ...

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