scholarly journals Navigating Inland: Bronze Age Watercraft and the Lakes of Southern Sweden

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney Nimura ◽  
Peter Skoglund ◽  
Richard Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Inland Lakes ◽  
Southern Scandinavia ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lake Vänern

The rock art of southern Scandinavia is characterized by depictions of watercraft. The majority are close to the coast, and they have been the primary focus of research. Less attention has been paid to similar representations associated with two large inland lakes in southern Sweden. In this article we present the results of fieldwork around Lake Vänern and Lake Vättern and consider the relationship of this rock art to the better-known images on the coast. We explore the practicalities of navigating between the sea and the interior and suggest that there was an important contrast between an early eastern sphere extending to Lake Vättern from the Baltic and a later western sphere connecting Lake Vänern with the Atlantic.

scholarly journals Meetings Between Strangers in the Nordic Bronze Age: The Evidence of Southern Swedish Rock Art

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 261-283
Author(s):  
Richard Bradley ◽  
Courtney Nimura ◽  
Peter Skoglund
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Relationship

Recent research has established that south Scandinavia during the Nordic Bronze Age was entirely dependent on imported metal. It was obviously in contact with other parts of Europe and must have participated in a system of long-distance exchange. It is not clear how it would have operated, but it helps to explain the importance of watercraft and drawings of distinctive artefacts in the rock art on the Baltic and Atlantic coasts. A different group of images can be associated with inland areas where the art has a more restricted lexicon. Can the borderland between these traditions shed any light on the relationship between the seashore and the interior, and might this help to identify places where artefacts changed hands? This paper presents the results of fieldwork between Lakes Vänern and Vättern in Västra Götaland county, southern Sweden. It considers the character of inland rock art and whether some locations with more complex panels were used as ‘aggregation sites’.

Neolithic Cupmarks from Vasagård on Bornholm, Denmark: Dating the Rock Art Tradition in Southern Scandinavia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Rune Iversen ◽  
Michael S. Thorsen ◽  
Jens-Bjørn Riis Andresen
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Southern Scandinavia ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Bronze Age

This article presents the first evidence for cupmarks in the southern Scandinavian Middle Neolithic, in the form of two cupmarked stones recovered during excavations at the Neolithic enclosures of Vasagård on the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea. Until now, cupmarks, which are frequently found on dolmen capstones, have been associated with the rich and figurative rock art known from the Bronze Age (c. 1700–500 bc). The evidence from Vasagård opens up the possibility that more cupmarks could be Neolithic. The association of the cupmarked stones from Vasagård with ritual gatherings suggests an affinity with contemporary sites, including Orkney, where cupmarks have been linked to architectural transformations.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence, 3D Documentation, and Rock Art—Approaching and Reflecting on the Automation of Identification and Classification of Rock Art Images

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Horn ◽  
Oscar Ivarsson ◽  
Cecilia Lindhé ◽  
Rich Potter ◽  
Ashely Green ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rock Surface ◽  
Southern Scandinavia ◽  
Bounding Boxes

AbstractRock art carvings, which are best described as petroglyphs, were produced by removing parts of the rock surface to create a negative relief. This tradition was particularly strong during the Nordic Bronze Age (1700–550 BC) in southern Scandinavia with over 20,000 boats and thousands of humans, animals, wagons, etc. This vivid and highly engaging material provides quantitative data of high potential to understand Bronze Age social structures and ideologies. The ability to provide the technically best possible documentation and to automate identification and classification of images would help to take full advantage of the research potential of petroglyphs in southern Scandinavia and elsewhere. We, therefore, attempted to train a model that locates and classifies image objects using faster region-based convolutional neural network (Faster-RCNN) based on data produced by a novel method to improve visualizing the content of 3D documentations. A newly created layer of 3D rock art documentation provides the best data currently available and has reduced inscribed bias compared to older methods. Several models were trained based on input images annotated with bounding boxes produced with different parameters to find the best solution. The data included 4305 individual images in 408 scans of rock art sites. To enhance the models and enrich the training data, we used data augmentation and transfer learning. The successful models perform exceptionally well on boats and circles, as well as with human figures and wheels. This work was an interdisciplinary undertaking which led to important reflections about archaeology, digital humanities, and artificial intelligence. The reflections and the success represented by the trained models open novel avenues for future research on rock art.

Later Bronze Age Activity in the Somerset Levels

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Coles
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Raised Bog ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThe evidence of human activity in the Somerset Levels in the first millennium B.C. consists of wooden trackways laid across areas of developing raised bog, and joining small settlements on the higher, drier lands of the Poldens and the Wedmore ridge. The excavation of one of these tracks, of the sixth century B.C., is described. Stray finds of weapons and tools continue to be made by peat-cutters and by archaeologists; the most recent of these finds are a hazelwood peg or truncheon, and a sycamore tent peg, of the fourth or third century B.C. The relationship of the trackways and other finds to the marshside villages at Meare remains to be established.

Neolithic/Early Bronze Age Pit Circles and their Environs at Oakham, Rutland

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 293-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Clay ◽  
Clive R. Jones ◽  
Elaine L. Jones ◽  
Gary Haley ◽  
Elizabeth Healey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Fieldwork east of Oakham, Rutland has located evidence of prehistoric settlement, land use patterns, and ceremonial monuments. Part of this included the excavation of a cropmark site which has revealed an unusual sequence of Neolithic/Early Bronze Age pit circles and a burial area. This is complemented by a fieldwalking survey of the surrounding areas, allowing consideration of the relationship of juxtaposed flint scatters and the excavated ceremonial area.

scholarly journals Rock art and the prehistoric landscape of Galicia: the results of field survey 1992–1994

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 347-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bradley ◽  
Felipe Criado Boado ◽  
Ramón Fábregas Valcarce
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Outer Edge ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Copper Age ◽  
North West ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
Ground Conditions ◽  
The Relationship

This paper discusses the relationship between the earlier prehistoric pattern of settlement in Atlantic Europe and the creation of rock art. It investigates the organisation of the Copper Age and Early Bronze Age landscape of north-west Spain using the evidence provided by the distribution, siting, and composition of rock carvings. It presents the results of field survey in three sample areas extending from the centre to the outer edge of their distribution. Although these drawings cannot be interpreted as illustrations of daily life, they may have helped to define rights to particular resources in an area which experienced abrupt changes of ground conditions over the course of the year.

scholarly journals Understanding the forms of care of nurses in the operating room - a construction based on the grounded theory method

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 696-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Kaezer dos Santos ◽  
Maria Virgínia Godoy da Silva ◽  
Antônio Marcos Tosoli Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Theory Method ◽  
Grounded Theory Method ◽  
Operating Room Nurses ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Indirect Care ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to identify forms of care of nurses in the operating room, and describe how context influences the implementation of this care. This is qualitative study, for which data were obtained by means of five interviews with nurses working in the operating room of a public hospital in the municipality of Duque de Caxias, in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro, conducted between August and September of 2010, using a semistructured script. The methodology followed the Grounded Theory method. The results show that the nurses perform care motivated by professional commitment and satisfaction, with patient health being their primary focus. Professional context influences ways of working, since the relationship of care exists in the interdependence between the beings involved and working conditions. In conclusion, operating room nurses integrate several factors, acting sometimes as agents of indirect care, despite the difficulties of a complex and specific context.

Plank-built in the Bronze Age

Antiquity ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 54 (211) ◽  
pp. 118-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Hale
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Sea Trial ◽  
North Germany ◽  
Southern Norway ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Bronze Age

In 1972 Paul Johnstone initiated a project to build and sail a hide-covered boat which would embody the theories of those Norwegian scholars—in particular Professor Sverre Marstrander—who have classified the boats of the Scandinavian Bronze Age with the Eskimo umiak and the Irish curragh. Thanks to the publicity given the experimental model by the BBC ‘Chronicle’ series and the enthusiastic advocacy of Bregger, Marstrander and Johnstone himself (‘Bronze age sea trial’, Antiquity, XLVI, 1972), the skin-boat theory has become almost an orthodoxy in Britain and Scandinavia. In fact, however, the reconstructed boat itself clearly demonstrated the awkwardness of translating into the medium of a hidecovered frame the boat designs of the bronze age rock art, which include several features utterly irreconcilable with the requirements and norms of skin-boat construction. For no type of boat before the age of photography has such a vast corpus of evidence been preserved as for the vessel that served the fishermen, traders and raiding parties of Scandinavia between 1200 and 600 BC (that is, the Bronze Age periods 111, IV and V). The boat is a favoured motif in thousands of rock carvings in southern Norway, Sweden, and the Baltic islands, and on at least 200 late bronze age razors from Denmark and North Germany.

scholarly journals A Tale of Two Cities?: The Literary and Historical Relationship of Argos and Mycenae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sheryn Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Historical Event ◽  
Textual Transmission ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Historical Relationship ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Of Greece

<p>This thesis is a case study of the relationship between Mycenae and Argos. It has been a longstanding tendency in scholarship to assume that Argos developed primarily in comparison to and in competition with Sparta. This has been primarily due to Herodotus’ presentation of the history between the two poleis. It is suggested here that this view should be reconsidered, and the probability of other influences taken into account. This thesis presents the view that instead of Sparta, a consideration of the possibility that Mycenae was the rival Argos was consistently reacting against. Mycenae, in the weakened state of the Geometric and Archaic period, is admittedly not the first candidate that comes to mind when reviewing the options of poleis which challenged Argos’ identity, but there is strong evidence to suggest that this was a rivalry of Argos’ own making. The manufacturing of Argive ethnic identity was therefore both an appropriation of, and reaction against, Mycenaean history and mythology. The study begins with a consideration of how Argos expressed the insecurity felt towards Mycenae by claiming hegemony over Mycenaean religion and an important sanctuary, which became inextricably linked with Argos in historic times. The second chapter is an examination of the textual transmission of the Iliad. It is argued that Argos strongly influenced this transmission at different points in the development of the text. The period of development of the text is followed chronologically; beginning with the earliest identifiable evidence of the tradition. Following the evolutionary path of the text through to the Alexandrian period, important stages in each period and their relation to the text are considered. Chapter Three is a recounting and comparison of different genealogical histories which revolve around the Argolid. The primary focus is the myth of the Return of the Heracleidae. As with the rivalry between Sparta and Argos, the Heracleidae story was taken as a historical event by scholars in the past. Within this chapter, the event itself is proven to have been a myth. This point in and of itself is no longer news to academia; however, the evidence is then reviewed in order to pinpoint the likely reason for this myth’s creation. It is argued that it was created as a reaction against Mycenaean history and claims within the Argolid. Furthermore, there is a study which recounts the way in which Argive mythology appropriated and subsumed Mycenaean identity. All of these points work towards the overall conclusion that Argos deliberately appropriated Mycenaean legend in order to express its own identity and ownership of the Argolid. This was used as propaganda within the Argolid and the rest of Greece. The final chapter considers the historical relationship between the Argives and Mycenaeans. The continuous attempt to quell the Mycenaeans through a long deconstruction of their own identity did not entirely work. The conclusion of this thesis is that a significant part of the reason for the destruction of Mycenae is the Mycenaeans’ own reaction against and challenge to the Argive manufactured identity.</p>

scholarly journals Decoration of bone and antler artefacts as an indication of Mesolithic networks (finds from a central Swedish Late Mesolithic site)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Lars Larsson ◽  
Fredrik Molin
Keyword(s):  
Northern Europe ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
The South ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
South Central ◽  
Southern Scandinavia ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Late Mesolithic

Our knowledge of Mesolithic decorated bone and antler tools from Scandinavia has mainly been based on finds from sites and single finds from Southern Scandinavia. However, recent excavations at a Late Mesolithic site at Strandvgen in Motala, south-central Sweden, have changed the state of research and revealed a large number of bone and antler tools, some of them with decorations. The site is located on the eastern shore of Lake Vttern, the second largest lake in the south of Sweden and at the only large outlet of the lake. The site was used during a number of centuries, with a concentration of radiocarbon dates around 7500-7000 cal. BP. The settlement at Strandvgen is the only site in this part of Scandinavia with a large number of finds of bone and antler. The location of the site was exceptional as it was easily available by contact links to the south and north as well as east and west. This is well manifested in the find material. Leister points are the single largest group of tools, with a total of more than 400 examples. A number of these are furnished with decoration in the form of small notches on the barbs more or less in systematic order, as well as cross-hatched motifs. A small number of other tools such as slotted daggers and antler objects with shaft holes are also decorated. In comparison with southern Sweden and Denmark, similarities are obvious concerning both the choice of motifs and the variety of their execution. The only other area in the Baltic region with a number of decorated objects is the East Baltic. However the chronological relevance is uncertain. For example one can find leister points with similarities to the finds at Strandvgen among the finds from Lake Lubāna in south-eastern Latvia. The question of how many of the motifs, and how they are executed is a pan-Mesolithic phenomenon within Northern Europe and how much can be related to specific regional markings.

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