Implications of Prenatal Exposure to the Spring 2011 Alabama and Missouri Tornadoes on Birth Outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 279-286
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Christopher ◽  
Panagiota Kitsantas ◽  
Kiara K. Spooner ◽  
Joseph F. Robare ◽  
Dan Hanfling
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Weight Outcomes ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTObjectiveDespite emerging evidence of the detrimental effects of natural disasters on maternal and child health, little is known about exposure to tornadoes during the prenatal period and its impact on birth outcomes. We examined the relationship between prenatal exposure to the spring 2011 tornado outbreak in Alabama and Joplin (Missouri) and adverse birth outcomes.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional cohort study using the 2010-2012 linked infant births and deaths data set from the National Center for Health Statistics for tornado-affected counties in Alabama (n=126,453) and Missouri (Joplin, n=6,897). Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate associations between prenatal exposure to tornadoes and birth outcomes.ResultsPrenatal exposure to the tornado incidents did not influence birth weight outcomes. Women exposed to Alabama tornadoes were less likely to have a preterm birth compared to unexposed mothers (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.91, 0.96). Preterm births among Joplin-tornado exposed mothers were slightly higher (13%) compared with unexposed mothers (11.2%). Exposed mothers from Joplin were also more likely to have a cesarean section compared to their counterparts (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.26).ConclusionsWe found no association between tornado exposure and adverse birth weight and infant mortality rates. Our findings suggest that prenatal exposure can amplify the odds for a cesarean section. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:279–286)

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN BERAT BADAN LAHIR RENDAH DAN STATUS IMUNISASI TERHADAP KEJADIAN ISPA PADA BALITA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS TANJUNG BARU OGAN KOMERING ULU

Masker Medika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Arda Suryadinata Suryadinata
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunization Status ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The Relationship

Pendahuluan: Pada usia balita seseorang lebih sering terkena penyakit dibandingkan orang dewasa. Hal ini disebabkan sistem pertahanan tubuh pada balita terhadap penyakit infeksi masih dalam tahap perkembangan dan mudah untuk terkena penyakit dan salah satunya adalah Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) yang merupakan penyakit menular melalui udara yang sering terjadi pada anak dan menjadi salah satu penyebab kematian tersering pada anak di dunia. Salah satu faktor yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya ISPA pada balita ialah berat badan lahir rendah dan status imunisasi. Berdasarkan data wilayah kerjapuskesmas Tanjung Baru pada periode Januari-Desember 2018 menyebutkan bahwa sebanyak 150 balita yang menderita ISPA. Tujuan penelitian: untuk mengetahui hubungan Berat Badan Lahir Rendah dan Status imunisasi lengkap dengan kejadian ISPA di Wilayah Kerja UPTD Puskesmas Tanjung Baru Ogan Komering Ulu. Metode Penelitian: yaitu analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional dengan populasi adalah ibu di UPTD Puskesmas Tanjung Baru Kabupaten OKU yang berjumlah 53 orang, analisa data dengan uji statistik Chi-Square, dengan derajat kepercayaan 95%. Didapatkan Ada hubungan yang bermakna antara berat badan lahir rendah dengan kejadian ISPA dengan p value 0,011 < 0,050. Serta ada hubungan yang bermakna antara Status Imunisasi dengan Kejadian ISPAdengan p value 0,016 < 0,05.   At the age of a toddler a person is more often affected by the disease than an adult. This is due to the body's defense system in infants against infectious diseases that are still in the developmental stages and are easy to contract the disease and one of them is Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) which is an infectious disease through the air that often occurs in children and is one of the most common causes of death in children. child in the world. One of the factors that can cause ARI in infants is low birth weight and immunization status. Based on data from the Tanjung Baru puskesmas in the January-December 2018 period, 150 150 toddlers suffer from ARI. This study aims to determine the relationship between low birth weight and complete immunization status with the incidence of ARI in the working area of the UPTD Puskesmas Tanjung Baru, East Baturaja Subdistrict, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency in 2019. The method used is analytic with cross sectional approach and the population is mothers with children under five. and have KMS in UPTD Puskesmas Tanjung Baru OKU Regency, totaling 53 people. Which was analyzed by Chi-Square statistical test, with 95% confidence level. There was a significant relationship between low birth weight with the incidence of ARI with p value 0.011 <0.050. And there is a significant relationship between Immunization Status and the incidence of ARI with p value 0.016 <0.05.

scholarly journals The Relationship of The Weight of The Placenta With a Status of Newborn Anthropometry Aterm Area Clinics Kassi-Kasi Makassar

2018 ◽  
pp. 382-389
Author(s):  
Fath Irtaniyah Rahman ◽  
Sitti Patimah ◽  
Een Kurnaesih
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
And Function ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Newborn Anthropometry

The phenomenon of sexual intercourse in women Premenopausal In Makassar city birth weight infants depends on the nutrition of mother and placenta's ability to transport nutrients from mother to fetus. The weight of the placenta, and the size and shape of the surface, reflecting its ability to transfer nutrients. The weight of the placenta is a measure commonly used to summarize the growth and function of the placenta. This research aims to analyze the relationship of the weight of the placenta with a status of newborn Anthropometry term. Type of this research is descriptive analytic with a cross-sectional design. The number of samples in this study was 59 people mother intrapartum taken by way of Simple Random Sampling. Data analysis was done with the chi-square test, with a confidence level of α = 0.05. Based on the results of this research noted that the value of significance p = 0,013 birth weight (p < 0.05), birth length p = 0.00 (p < 0.05), head circumference p = 0,010 (p < 0.05), the ratio of the weight of the placenta the normal 46 people (78%) abnormal 13 people (8.5%), and index ponderal baby normal 54 people (91.5%) and not normal 5 people (8.5%). Thus it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the weight of the placenta with a status of Anthropometry weight born babies, birth, body length and head circumference, but not with the ratio of the weight of the placenta and baby ponderal index

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN BEBERAPA FAKTOR DENGAN STUNTING PADA BALITA BERAT BADAN LAHIR RENDAH

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Frienty Sherlla Mareta Lubis ◽  
Risya Cilmiaty ◽  
Adi Magna
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRAK Stunting merupakan salah satu masalah gizi yang utama pada anak di Indonesia. Stunting menjadi masalah yang serius karena dikaitkan dengan kualitas sumberdaya manusia di kemudian hari. Anak dengan BBLR(Berat Badan Lahir Rendah) beresiko lebih tinggi menjadi stunting. Tujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara IMD (Inisiasi Menyusu Dini), dan BBLR dengan stunting pada anak usia 12-24 bulan dengan berat badan lahir rendah. Jenis penelitian adalah observasional analitik dengan menggunakan desain penelitian cross-sectional. Subjek penelitian ditentukan dengan purposive sampling. Subjek terdiri dari 82 balita yang berusia 12-24 bulan dengan BBLR di 2 kecamatan di Kota Surakarta. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara langsung dan pengukuran antropometri. Uji statistik Chi-square digunakan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara variabel IMD dengan stunting dan uji Anova digunakan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara variabel BBLR dengan stunting. Hasil: IMD tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian stunting (X² = 0,286, p = 0,593), berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR) berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian stunting pada α 10 % ( F = 1,561, p = 0,087). Kesimpulan: ada hubungan antara Berat Badan Lahir Rendah dengan Kejadian Stunting.   Kata kunci: Stunting, IMD, BBLR     ABSTRACT Stunting is one of the main nutritional problems in children in Indonesia. Stunting becomes a serious problem because it is associated with the quality of human resources in the future. Children with LBW (Low Birth Weight) are at higher risk of becoming stunting. Objective: To know the relationship between IMD, and LBW with stunting in children aged 12-24 months with low birth weight. The type of research is observational analytic by using cross-sectional research design. Research subject is determined by purposive sampling. Subject consisted of 82 children aged 12-24 months with LBW in 2 districts in Surakarta. Data collection is done by direct interview and anthropometry measurement. Chi-square statistical test is used to analyze the relationship between IMD variable with stunting and Anova test is used to analyze the relationship between LBW variable with stunting. The result: IMD was not significantly associated with stunting incidence (X² = 0.286, p = 0,593), low birth weight (LBW) was significantly associated with stunting incidence at α 10% (F = 1.561, p = 0.087). Conclusion: there is a relationship between Low Birth Weight with Stunting Event.   Keywords: Stunting, IMD, BBLR

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN BERAT BADAN LAHIR DENGAN RUPTUR PERINEUM PADA PRIMIPARA DI RSUP PROF. DR. R. D. KANDOU MANADO

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yudit Yunita Garedja ◽  
Eddy Suparman ◽  
Jhon Wantania
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Perineal Pain ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Birth Canal ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract: In a woman who has recently given birth or the first time called primiparous, have a risk of laceration of the birth canal through vaginal delivery. In the primary post partum hemorrhage, can be caused by various rips through the birth canal. In addition to causing bleeding, laceration of the birth canal is also a determining factor for postpartum perineal pain. Perineal lacerations or tears can occur spontaneously and episiotomy. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between birth weight infants with ruptured perineal in primiparous vaginal delivery in a maternity department of Prof.. DR. R. D. Manado Kandou the period January-September 2012. Method observational study done analytically with the plan and cross-sectional data were analyzed by Chi square bivariate. Sample in this study of 808 primipara. Results obtained: 1) Most primipara suffered an episiotomy that is 50.7%. 2) Babies born with the most number 2500-4000 gram weight. 3) Birth weight <2500 g and 2500-4000 associated with spontaneous rupture either primiparous or episiotomy. 4) The results of the analysis of the relationship between birth weight with a ruptured perineum primiparous obtained p value = 0.330 and the value of  = 0.449, it can be concluded there was no significant association between birth weight with a ruptured perineum primipara. Thus, Ho received. Key words: Ruptured primiparous perinal, birth weight   Abstrak: Pada seorang wanita yang baru pertama kali melahirkan atau yang disebut primipara, mempunyai resiko terjadi laserasi jalan lahir melalui persalian pervaginam. Pada perdarahan post partum primer, dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai robekan jalan lahir. Selain mengakibatkan perdarahan, robekan jalan lahir juga merupakan faktor penentu terhadap nyeri perineum postpartum. Laserasi atau robekan perineum dapat terjadi secara spontan dan episiotomi. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui hubungan antara berat badan bayi lahir dengan ruptur perineum persalinan pervaginam pada primipara di ruang bersalin RSUP Prof. DR. R. D. Kandou Manado periode Januari-September 2012. Metode penelitian ini dilakukan secara Observasional analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional dan data bivariat dianalisa dengan Chi square. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 808 primipara. Hasil yang didapatkan : 1) Paling banyak primipara mengalami episiotomi yaitu 50,7%. 2) Bayi lahir paling banyak dengan berat badan 2500-4000 gram. 3) Berat badan lahir <2500 dan 2500-4000 gram berkaitan dengan ruptur primipara baik spontan maupun episiotomi. 4) Hasil analisis hubungan antara berat badan lahir  dengan ruptur perineum primipara didapatkan nilai p value = 0,330 dan nilai  = 0,449 maka dapat disimpulkan tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara berat badan lahir  dengan ruptur  perineum  primipara.  Dengan demikian, Ho yang diterima. Kata Kunci: Ruptur perineum primipara, berat badan lahir

scholarly journals The relationship between the gender of newborn babies and weight gained during pregnancy, mode of delivery and some parameters for newbornYenidoğanın cinsiyetinin gebelikte kazanılan kilo, doğum şekli ve yenidoğanın bazı parametreleri ile ilişkisi

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 2364
Author(s):  
Saadet Boybay Koyuncu ◽  
Sermin Timur Taşhan
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Determinant Factor ◽  
Participant Information

The study aimed to examine the relationship between the gender of newborn with weight gained during pregnancy, mode of delivery and some parameters for newborn. This study used a descriptive and cross-sectional research design. A total of 632 women who gave birth in the postpartum service at a hospital were included in the study. The data were collected using a participant information form prepared by the researcher. Chi-square test and independent sample t-test were used to analyze the data. This study found that the mean pregnancy number and whether the current pregnancy was planned or not were higher for the women whose newborn babies were girls than for those whose newborn babies were boys, and that the mean birth weight of newborn girls was lower than that of newborn boys (p<0.05). No statistically significant relationship was found between the gender of newborn babies and the weight gained during pregnancy, mode of delivery, APGAR score, the time of beginning breastfeeding and giving supplementary food to the newborn babies (p>0.05). This study found that the gender of newborn affected their birth weight and is a determinant factor for the fertility rate of women. In these cases against girls, careful attention of health professionals is needed to ensure continuous and different victimization, close attention to risky couples, is recommended for the development of women's health.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetAraştırma, yenidoğanın cinsiyetinin gebelikte kazanılan kilo, doğum şekli ve yenidoğanın bazı parametreleri ile ilişkisini incelemek amacıyla yapıldı. Araştırma tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel tiptedir. Araştırmaya bir hastanenin postpartum servisinde doğum yapan 632 kadın alındı. Veriler araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan katılımcı bilgi formu aracılığıyla toplandı. İstatistiksel analizde ki-kare testi, independent sample t testi analizi kullanıldı. Araştırmada, kız yenidoğana sahip olan kadınların ortalama gebelik sayısı ve mevcut gebeliğin planlı olma durumu erkek yenidoğana sahip olanlara göre daha yüksek (p<0.05); kız yenidoğanların ortalama doğum kilosunun ise erkeklere oranla daha düşük olduğu saptandı (p<0.05). Araştırmada yenidoğanın cinsiyeti ile gebelikte kazanılan kilo, doğum şekli, APGAR skor, emzirmeye başlama zamanı ve yenidoğana ilk 24 saat içinde ek gıda verilmesi arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmamıştır (p>0.05). Araştırmada yenidoğan cinsiyetinin yenidoğanın doğum kilosunu etkilediği ve kadının doğurganlık hızında belirleyici bir faktör olduğu belirlenen çalışmada; kadın sağlığının geliştirilmesi için, kız çocuklar aleyhine olan bu durumlarda, sürekli ve farklı mağduriyetlerin yaşanmaması için sağlık profesyonellerinin dikkatli olması, riskli çiftlerin yakından ele alınması önerilmektedir.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women and Stunted Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Ida Royani ◽  
Nasrudin Andi Mappaware ◽  
Sidrah Darma ◽  
Nurfadhillah Khalid ◽  
Dian Fahmi Utami
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: The nutritional status of pregnant women has a significant impact on the fetus's health and development. Low birth weight can be caused by womb growth problems. Research in Nepal shows that babies with low birth weight have a higher risk of becoming stunted. West Sulawesi is the most populous province in Central Indonesia, with a population of 39.7%. In Mamuju District, West Sulawesi, the relationship between stunted babies and maternal nutritional status during pregnancy was investigated. Methods: Cross sectional analytic survey with a retrospective approach. Data processing using the chi square test. The population in this study was 20.039 people. Total sampling was used to collect nutritional status data of children under the age of five in West Sulawesi province from February to June 2020. In this study, 88 people were sampled, all of whom were mothers of stunted children aged 2 to 5 Years old and who had a KIA book during pregnancy. Results: The results of statistical tests showed that the p value of nutritional status with BMI and LILA 0.000 and the p value of HB levels 0.066. There was a link between pregnant women's nutritional status and LILA, but not between HB levels and stunting. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between the nutritional status of pregnant women based on BMI and LILA and the incidence of stunting in Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi Province.

scholarly journals Concern About the Association Between Sex and Birth Weight of Babies: A Cross-Sectional Randomized Finding From a Nigerian Hospital

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
BU Ahmadu ◽  
IH Abubakar ◽  
A Halima ◽  
A Ruqayya ◽  
GM Suleiman
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Sexual Antagonism ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Normal Birth ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Male To Female

Introduction: Sexual antagonism is seen particularly where maternally and paternally derived alleles battle over fetal growth, which may result in sex differences regarding birth weight of babies. We examined the association between sex and birth weight of babies in the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: One hundred babies selected by systematic random sampling had their birth weights determined using bassinet weighing scale. Likelihood ratio chi-square test of association was used to investigate the relationship between sex and birth weight. Results: A total of 100 babies participated in this study. There were 53 (53.0 %) males and 47 (47.0 %) females giving a male to female ratio of 1.1:1. Majority of the babies 82 (82.0 %) had normal birth weight (2500 – 3900 g). The mean (SD) birth weight for male and female babies were 313 (62), 95 CI (296 – 330 g), and 290 (055), 95 CI (275 – 307 g) respectively. The overall mean (SD) birth weight of the babies was 302 (0.59), 95 CI (291 – 314 g). Association between birth weight and sex of the babies was found to be significant (χ2 = 9.317, p = 0.025). Conclusion: Birth weight was significantly associated with sex: males had higher birth weights than females. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i1.7090 J Nepal Paediatr Soc. 2013;33(1):21-24.

IDENTIFIKASI SERTA HUBUNGAN KONSTRUKSI SUMUR GALI TERHADAP KANDUNGAN COLIFORM PADA AIR SUMUR GALI DI DUSUN JIKEN KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Dini Yuliansari
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Variable ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Dug Well ◽  
The Relationship

The well is one of the source water used for bathing, washing, and drinking by the citizens in Jiken Hamlet, Rarang Village, Terara Sub-District. Poor dug well construction conditions can affect the amount of coliform bacteria contained in the dug well water. The purpose of this study is to identify the construction of dug wells and the content of coliform bacteria in dug well water and determine the relationship between dug well construction and the content of coliform bacteria. This research is analytic with a cross sectional study design. The results were obtained from 11 samples of dug wells which were observed in construction and the coliform content was known that all samples did not requirements as good dug well construction. Coliform content test results showed that as many as 5 dug well water samples did not pass the clean water quality standards. The results of data analysis with the chi-square test variable construction of dug wells with coliform content variable  showed 0,172 > 0,05, then the concluded is the dug well not suitable to use by people in that area as a source of water for daily needs.

The relationship betweenparityand the incident of perinealruptures on women’s physiological maternity

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evi Rosita ◽  
Siti Nurnaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Center ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Midwifery Care ◽  
Public Health Center ◽  
Record Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High

There are about 2.8 million incident of perineal rupture in maternal physiological labor. In 2050,it is estimated that the incidence of perineal rupture can be 6.3 million if it is not accompanied by a good midwifery care. In 2016, in Trawas, there was (89%) perineal rupture in primiparas and (57%) perineal rupture in multiparas. Perineal rupture incidences due to parity were still very high. This study aims to analyze the relationship between parity and the incidence of perineal rupture . It is quantitative studyusing a cross sectional approach, by using analysis of physiological maternity women  medical record data from January to April 2017 of 130 peoplein Trawas Public Health Center, Mojokerto Regency.The dataanalysis used was Chi - Square , indicated by p value = 0,000 with ɑ = 0,05. It means that the value of p <ɑ, so H1 is accepted. It can be concluded that there is a relationship between parity and the incidence of perineal rupture on physiological maternity women in Trawas Public Health Center,Mojokerto Regency. Midwives can apply collaboration with patients and their families to have physical and psychologicalpreparation with an alternative of hypnobirthing methods.

A Cross Sectional Analysis of Tourism Development and Social Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 487
Author(s):  
Tauseef AMAN ◽  
Mussawar SHAH ◽  
Humera JAMAL ◽  
Younas KHAN ◽  
Muhammad ARIF ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Government ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

The major objective of this study was to measure the association between various interventions and Chitral Gole National Park (CGNP) role in preservation of bio-diversity and socio-economic uplift. A sample size of 346 respondents was randomly selected from total population of 3326 from the 4 selected villages on the basis of close proximity. A conceptual framework including dependent variable social development and independent variable tourism development were taken. The data were analyzed through frequency and percentage distribution. Moreover, Chi-square test was applied to know the relationship between dependent and independent variables at bi-variate level. In bi-variate analysis a highly significant (P=0.000) relation was found between CGNP is main source of promoting tourism in Chitral,tourists do any impacts upon local community in terms of increased business activities, local culture is safeguarded despite influx of tourists in the area, tourism produced employment opportunities, and social development. Qualitative data supported the empirical findings, however tourism brings economic opportunities at micro and macro level, but unfortunately CGNP is not as satisfactory regarding generating income since its establishment. The government should ensure to make such polices pertaining to the entrance fee, provides accommodation services on payment to the tourists and to reserve the entrance fee or any other form of taxes to ensure CGNP to spend on self-sustaining basis by ensuring refinement in the procedures as well.

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