A Cognitive Analysis of the PrepositionOVER: Image-schema transformations and metaphorical extensions

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-474
Author(s):  
Souma Mori
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Peak Position ◽  
Natural Image ◽  
Cognitive Analysis ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
Central Image ◽  
Image Schema ◽  
Shape And Size

AbstractDewell (1994), following Brugman (1981) and Lakoff (1987), provides a semantic analysis ofoverby relying more exclusively on image-schema transformations than did Brugman and Lakoff. The Brugman-Lakoff-Dewell analysis, however, can be improved by using simpler image-schemas, more natural image-schema transformations, and metaphorical extensions. A key idea adopted in the present article is to capture both trajectors and landmarks three-dimensionally and topologically. This modification brings about the elimination of unessential features such as the shape and size of the trajector and the landmark, contact/non-contact between the trajector and the landmark, and physical properties of the trajector. Its main advantage is that a central image-schema for a semicircular path provides the basis for explaining all of the senses ofoverusing natural image-schema transformations and metaphorical extensions. The proposed image-schema transformations include: segment profiling, profiling the endpoint of access paths, the profiled peak position of the semicircular path with the constraint that the rest of the semicircular path is excluded, and the extension of the semicircular path-trajectory to an image of covering. The proposed metaphorical senses aretime, means,andcontrol.In addition, the radial category relating each sense ofoveris presented.

scholarly journals Extending the embodied semiotic square: A cultural-semantic analysis of “Follow your Arrow”

Semiotica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (236-237) ◽  
pp. 275-295
Author(s):  
Daniel Candel
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Literary Theory ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Field ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Cognitive Literary Theory ◽  
Authorial Voice

AbstractPelkey’s anchoring of the semiotic square in embodiment is excellent news for cognitive literary theory, a dynamic field still in search of itself. However, his validation of the square, though theoretically unexceptionable, suffers in the execution, for his interpretation of the country song “Follow your Arrow” is less successful. The present article benefits from Pelkey’s validation as it organizes a tool of cultural-semantic analysis (CS-tool) as a ‘deviant’ semiotic square. The article then shows how this particular semiotic square allows us to analyze the song in terms which build on Pelkey’s analysis, but also arrive at more satisfying results. Where Pelkey sees liberation in the song and the square, the tool uncovers manipulation in the former and closure in the latter. The article then assesses the complementarity of and differences between the two squares: Pelkey works on a local sentence-level through direct implicature, thus following the narrative/authorial voice of the poem. The CS-tool starts from a position of higher abstraction requiring a less defined, but still sufficient and more wide-ranging, three-step implicature. This allows the tool to step back from the song’s authorial voice and uncover its manipulations. The article closes by discussing the deviant features of the present square.

scholarly journals The Path to Neutralization: Image Schemas and Prefixed Motion Verbs

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Nesset
Keyword(s):  
Motion Verbs ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
Principled Explanation ◽  
Image Schema

This paper investigates the path image schema in Russian motion verbs. It is argued that this image schema provides a principled explanation why Russian has a contrast between unidirectional and non-directional unprefixed motion verbs, but no such contrast for prefixed verbs.

Building Thought into Things

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David de Léon
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Cognitive Analysis ◽  
Design Task ◽  
Central Thesis ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Task Goals

This chapter retraces the steps of Bærentsen’s (1989) cognitive analysis of the evolution of the rifle. Bærentsen’s central thesis is that the actions and thought processes required to operate a rifle, at any one stage of its development, are ‘built into’ subsequent generations of the artefact. In the process of retracing and critically evaluating Bærentsen’s analysis, a different view gradually emerges, in which greater attention is paid to the interplay between the physical properties of artefacts and the structure of tasks. Throughout the chapter, the interdependencies between artefact design, task structure, task goals, and cognitive tasks are explored and developed.

scholarly journals Towards Distributed Recycling with Additive Manufacturing of PET Flake Feedstocks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen A. Little ◽  
Nagendra G. Tanikella ◽  
Matthew Reich ◽  
Matthew J. Fiedler ◽  
Samantha L. Snabes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Thermal Characterization ◽  
Feeding Tubes ◽  
Recycled Polyethylene ◽  
History Of ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shape And Size

This study explores the potential to reach a circular economy for post-consumer recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) packaging and bottles by using it as a distributed recycling for additive manufacturing (DRAM) feedstock. Specifically, rPET is processed using only an open source toolchain with fused particle fabrication (FPF) or fused granular fabrication (FGF) processing. In this study, first the impact of granulation, sifting and heating (and their combination) is quantified on the shape and size distribution of the rPET flakes. Then feeding studies were performed to see if they could be printed through an external feeder or needed to be direct printed with a hopper using two Gigabot X machines, one with extended part cooling and one without. Print settings were optimized based on thermal characterization and for the latter which was shown to print rPET directly from shredded water bottles mechanical testing is performed. The results showed that geometry was important for extended feeding tubes and direct printed using a hopper. Further there is a wide disparity in the physical properties of rPET from water bottles depending on source and the history of the material. Future work is needed to enable water bottles to be used as a widespread DRAM feedstock.

scholarly journals What is an image schema? Looking for an answer in Latvian and Mandarin Chinese

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 142-158
Author(s):  
Marija Nikolajeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Concept Image ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
Concept Location ◽  
Semantic Frames ◽  
Image Schema ◽  
Functional Units ◽  
The Relationship

Image schema is one of the key notions in the discussions of the semantics of spatial adpositions. The diversity of related topics and the abundance of literature on these conceptual primitives makes the concept image schema difficult to grasp. The aim of this article is to clarify this notion by explicating on some important aspects of the schematization and representation of spatial scenes using the CONTAINMENT schema as an example. The article also demonstrates that the cross-linguistic comparison of an image schema is an effective method employed to better understand the universal cognitive processes underlying language use. The article contains a comparison of the spatial functional units that express the CONTAINMENT schema in Latvian and Mandarin Chinese, a discussion of the blurriness of the boundary between the concepts containment and support and their relation to the concept location. The relationship between image schemas and semantic frames, the factors that influence schematization and the phenomenon of parallel usage of locative units are discussed too. Image schema transformations are characterized as the mechanism of extending the meanings of spatial phrases.

scholarly journals Image Schema-Based Instruction in English Grammar

2016 ◽  
Vol 2015 (1) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Mayu Shintani
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Private University ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
Grammar Teaching ◽  
English Grammar ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
Image Schema ◽  
Based Instruction

Cognitive linguistics has been aimed at revealing the very nature of language for the last several decades. One of the field’s most significant contributions has been the abstraction of the general patterns, or image schemas, underlying grammatical concepts. In this paper, we propose that English grammar-teaching methods adopting image schema theory offer strong benefits for language teaching. As schematic explanations given to learners are more visible and comprehensible than ordinary verbal-based ones, this method offers a clearer and more engaging way to understand the target grammar. We also present data collected from experiments conducted with more than 400 native Japanese-speaking students at one national and one private university that support the effectiveness of this method. 認知言語学は産声をあげてここ数十年の間，人間の言語の真の姿を明らかにすることに専心してきた。この学問分野がつまびらかにしてきた数々の言語現象のうち，最も有益な成果のひとつにイメージ図式理論の構築があげられる。イメージ図式とは文法および語彙構造のひな形となるものである。本論文は認知言語学のイメージ図式理論を応用した英文法教材の学習効果を一国立大学と一私立大学に学ぶ400人以上の日本人学部生を対象に行った実験結果をもとに実証的な知見から論じている。

scholarly journals Method of the optical recognition of technical documentation and the transformation of graphic information into machine-readable form for cognitive analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2094 (3) ◽  
pp. 032056
Author(s):  
A A Dzyubanenko ◽  
A V Rabin
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Document Preparation ◽  
Technical Documentation ◽  
Cognitive Analysis ◽  
Design Quality ◽  
Readable Form ◽  
Graphic Information ◽  
Machine Readable ◽  
Machine Readable Form ◽  
Optical Recognition

Abstract The paper proposes the implementation of the method of optical recognition of technical documentation and the transformation of graphic information into a machine-readable form available for cognitive analysis, which is based on the methods of binarization and alignment of images, text segmentation and recognition. The use of the proposed method will provide a dramatic reduction in the costs of cataloging, checking the completeness and inventory of documentation, as well as an increase in design quality due to the semantic analysis of documentation using a knowledge base that is updated automatically. The article presents the development of the algorithm for optical recognition of a document, preparation of an image for optical recognition of a document, an example of the application of the Sauvola method for binarization of an image, and an analysis of the research results. The proposed implementation allows the text recognition on scanned/photographed documents.

scholarly journals Narzędnik afirmacji w wybranych językach słowiańskich

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 161-179
Author(s):  
Marcin Grygiel
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Cognitive Semantics ◽  
Analytic Model ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
The Real ◽  
Physical Relation ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
Linguistic Usage ◽  
Semantic Properties

Instrumental of affirmation in selected Slavic languagesIn the present article I argue that apart from the genitive of negation, Slavic also makes use of the instrumental of affirmation – but its recognition requires a more sophisticated, function-oriented analytic model, firmly grounded in the real linguistic usage and sensitive to semantic conditioning – such as cognitive semantics. The discussion offered seems to suggest that the Slavic instrumental is an inherently affirmative case, as opposed to genitive which has specialized in expressing partition, disjunction and negation, e.g. compare Pol. ciasto z orzechami/ Srb. kolač sa orasima ‘a cake with nuts INSTR’ vs. Pol. ciasto bez orzechów/ Srb. kolač bez oraha ‘a cake without nuts GEN’. Furthermore, because of its semantic properties, the instrumental case is attracted by positive contexts and acts as an intensifier of affirmation. Slavic instrumentals can be classified, on the basis of the positive meanings they imply, as instrumentals of completeness, instrumentals of conjunction and instrumentals of existence. The proposed semantic classification becomes more refined when image-schemas of CONTAINER, PATH, SURFACE and conceptual metaphors related to the physical relation of COVERAGE are included in the model.

The source-path-goal image schema in gestures for thinking and teaching

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-437
Author(s):  
Robert F. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Cognition ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Counting Problems ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
Image Schema ◽  
Path Structure

Abstract This article examines source-path-goal image-schematic structure in gestures used to solve counting problems (gesture for thinking) and to teach children how to read a clock (gesture for teaching). The analyses illustrate how path schemas inherent in idealized cognitive models are exhibited in gesture forms and in gesture sequences and combinations, manifesting conceptual content beyond that articulated in speech. While at times the path structure is incidental, enacting part of a cognitive model that is not the focus of discourse, at other times the path structure is essential, in that listeners must perceive the source-path-goal structure in the gesture in order to construct the proper understanding. The examples support the view that image schemas at the heart of cognitive models partly motivate and structure gestures for cognitive and communicative purposes, and that listener attunement to this structure contributes to intersubjective understanding and the perpetuation of cultural practices for distributed cognition.

scholarly journals Dynamic conceptualizations of threat in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLIVIA KNAPTON
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Clinical Models ◽  
Image Schema

abstractObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe mental health problem of a heterogeneous nature. To add to discussions around defining coherent subtypes of OCD, this paper uses qualitative, cognitive linguistic analysis to show how episodes of OCD can be differentiated based on their underlying conceptualizations of threat. Spoken narratives of OCD episodes told by people with OCD were analyzed using image schema theory and cognitive approaches to deixis in discourse. Through an exploration of the participants’ subjective experiences of time, space, and uncertainty in their recounted OCD episodes, the findings demonstrate that perceptions of threats fluctuate as OCD episodes unfold, and that it is the perceived movement (or not) of the threat that induces distress. Moreover, the dynamism of the threat is conceptualized differently for different subtypes of OCD. This variation can in part be explained by the role of two image schemas in structuring OCD episodes: the SOURCE–PATH–GOAL image schema and the CONTAINER image schema. It is argued that the blanket notion of threat as often investigated in clinical models of OCD is not sensitive enough to capture these shifting perspectives. It is thus recommended that threat perception in OCD is researched as a dynamic, evolving, and highly subjective experience.

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