scholarly journals Strategic ignorance of health risk: its causes and policy consequences

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONAS NORDSTRÖM ◽  
LINDA THUNSTRÖM ◽  
KLAAS VAN ’T VELD ◽  
JASON F. SHOGREN ◽  
MARIAH EHMKE
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Information Provision ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Willful Ignorance ◽  
Calorie Content ◽  
Motivating Factor ◽  
High Calorie ◽  
Strategic Ignorance

Abstract We examine the causes and policy implications of strategic (willful) ignorance of risk as an excuse to over-engage in risky health behavior. In an experiment on Copenhagen adults, we allow subjects to choose whether to learn the calorie content of a meal before consuming it and then measure their subsequent calorie intake. Consistent with previous studies, we find strong evidence of strategic ignorance: 46% of subjects choose to ignore calorie information, and these subjects subsequently consume more calories on average than they would have had they been informed. While previous studies have focused on self-control as the motivating factor for strategic ignorance of calorie information, we find that ignorance in our study is instead motivated by optimal expectations – subjects choose ignorance so that they can downplay the probability of their preferred meal being high-calorie. We discuss how the motivation matters to policy. Further, we find that the prevalence of strategic ignorance largely negates the effects of calorie information provision: on average, subjects who have the option to ignore calorie information consume the same number of calories as subjects who are provided no information.

Food as Fuel: Performance Goals Increase the Consumption of High-Calorie Foods at the Expense of Good Nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann Cornil ◽  
Pierrick Gomez ◽  
Dimitri Vasiljevic
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Performance Goals ◽  
Good Nutrition ◽  
Poor Nutrition ◽  
Control Failures ◽  
High Calorie

Abstract At work, at school, at the gym club, or even at home, consumers often face challenging situations in which they are motivated to perform their best. This research demonstrates that activating performance goals, whether in cognitive or physical domains, leads to an increase in the consumption of high-calorie foods at the expense of good nutrition. This effect derives from beliefs that the function of food is to provide energy for the body (food as fuel) coupled with poor nutrition literacy, leading consumers to overgeneralize the instrumental role of calories for performance. Indeed, nutrition experts choose very different foods (lower in calorie, higher in nutritional value) than lay consumers in response to performance goals. Also, performance goals no longer increase calorie intake when emphasizing the hedonic function of food (food for pleasure). Hence, while consumer research often interprets the overconsumption of pleasurable and unhealthy high-calorie foods as a consequence of hedonic goals and self-control failures, our research suggests that this overconsumption may also be explained by a maladaptive motivation to manage energy intake.

scholarly journals No evidence of calorie-related modulation of N2 in food-related Go/No-Go training: a pre-registered ERP study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Aulbach ◽  
Ville Johannes Harjunen ◽  
Michiel Spape ◽  
Keegan Phillip Knittle ◽  
Ari Haukkala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Task Characteristics ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Low Calorie ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Calorie Content ◽  
Food Images ◽  
High Calorie

Go/No-Go tasks, which require participants to inhibit automatic responses to images of palatable foods, have shown diagnostic value in quantifying food-related impulses.Moreover, they have shown potential for training to control impulsive eating. To test a suggested hypothesis that training modulates early neural markers of responseinhibition, the current study investigated how N2 event-related brain potential to high and low-calorie food images changes along the Go-/No-Go training and how the N2 is related to later eating behavior. Participants first completed a food Go/No-Go task in which high and low calorie food images were accompanied by Go- and No-Go-cues with equal frequency. Participants then completed a training block in which high-calorie foods were predominantly paired with a No-Go cue and the low-calorie foods with a Go cue, followed by a block with reversed coupling (order of the training blocks counterbalanced between participants). After each training, there was a snacking opportunity during which calorie intake was measured. Against our pre-registered hypotheses, the N2 amplitudes were not affected by calorie-content and there was no training-related modulation in the N2. Additionally, food intake did not differ between the preceding training blocks and the N2 amplitude did not predict food intake. Our study suggests that the link between N2 obtained in a food-related Go/No-Go task and impulse control is not clear-cut and may be limited to specific task characteristics. The results are of high importance as they question previously assumed mechanism of Go/No-Go training in food-related inhibitory control.

Low Self-control and School Bullying: Testing the GTC in Nigerian Sample of Middle School Students

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199128
Author(s):  
Omobolanle Atinuke Fenny
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Middle School Students ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
School Students ◽  
Bullying Perpetration ◽  
Low Self Control

Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime’s (GTC) claim to explain crime, at all times, and in all places, has received considerable empirical support using Western, Scandinavian, and Asian samples. However, the theory is yet to be tested using a Nigerian sample. Using cross-sectional data from a sample of 1,192 junior secondary school (middle school) students in Nigeria, this study examines the explanatory power of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s GTC in predicting bullying perpetration and victimization in that context and culture. Binomial logistic regression was used to test the hypothesis that the bullying perpetration and victimization experiences of these students would be negatively related to self-control. Study provides support for the cross-cultural potency of the GTC as low self-control predicted the bullying and victimization experiences of these students regardless of gender. Students’ perception of a negative school environment was also a significant predictor of bullying. This is the first test of the GTC with a Nigerian sample and hopefully, will be a springboard for effective bullying prevention policy/programs in Nigerian schools. The public policy implications of the findings are discussed.

scholarly journals The effect of roasting temperature on proximate and dietary fiber of food bar salak (Sidimpuan cultivar) fruit

2021 ◽  
Vol 332 ◽  
pp. 03001
Author(s):  
Nurhamida Sari Siregar ◽  
Elisa Julianti ◽  
Jansen Silalahi
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Calorie Content ◽  
Glucose Syrup ◽  
Roasting Temperature ◽  
Purple Sweet Potato ◽  
Tapioca Flour ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
High Calorie

The Sidimpuan Salak fruit was the mascot of Padangsidimpuan City, North Sumatra, Indonesia. In this study, Salak formulates to be a high-calorie food bar. The primary elements for making food bars Salak are purple sweet potato flour, tapioca flour, and dried salak fruit. The others elements were egg whites, margarine, emulsifiers, and high glucose syrup. All elements were mixed evenly and molded into bars with a size of 3×8×1.5 cm and a weight of 50 g. Food bars from roasted salak fruit used temperatures of 80, 90, and 100. The results showed differences in the proximate composition, calorific value, and dietary fiber content of the food bars salak. The most increased carbohydrate, fat, and calorie content get at a roasting temperature of 80°C, the protein and mineral content obtain most increased at a roasting temperature of 100°C, and the most increased food fiber gets at a roasting temperature 100°C. A high-calorie food bar Salak gets at a roasting temperature of 80°C.

Session 2: Calorie-Cutting Keys

2016 ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Evan M. Forman ◽  
Meghan L. Butryn
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Serving Size ◽  
High Calorie

This chapter (Session 2) discusses the importance of self-monitoring to gain awareness of calorie intake and to recognize patterns in eating behavior. Clients are provided with information on how to self-monitor food intake, including recording type of food, serving size, method of preparation, and time of eating. Strategies for beginning to reduce calories are discussed, such as limiting high-calorie foods in the environment, eating regular meals, and planning meals in advance. The idea of achieving a negative energy balance is introduced, meaning that in order to lose weight, clients must expend a greater amount of energy than they consume in the form of calories.

scholarly journals Modeling the Effect of High Calorie Diet on the Interplay between Adipose Tissue, Inflammation, and Diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Prana ◽  
P. Tieri ◽  
M.C. Palumbo ◽  
E. Mancini ◽  
F. Castiglione
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Set Up ◽  
High Calorie

Background. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disease potentially leading to serious widespread tissue damage. Human organism develops T2D when the glucose-insulin control is broken for reasons that are not fully understood but have been demonstrated to be linked to the emergence of a chronic inflammation. Indeed such low-level chronic inflammation affects the pancreatic production of insulin and triggers the development of insulin resistance, eventually leading to an impaired control of the blood glucose concentration. On the contrary, it is well-known that obesity and inflammation are strongly correlated. Aim. In this study, we investigate in silico the effect of overfeeding on the adipose tissue and the consequent set up of an inflammatory state. We model the emergence of the inflammation as the result of adipose mass increase which, in turn, is a direct consequence of a prolonged excess of high calorie intake. Results. The model reproduces the fat accumulation due to excessive caloric intake observed in two clinical studies. Moreover, while showing consistent weight gains over long periods of time, it reveals a drift of the macrophage population toward the proinflammatory phenotype, thus confirming its association with fatness.

Examining the Effect of Ineffective Parenting and Low Self-Control on Athletes’ PED Use

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-447
Author(s):  
Saeed Kabiri ◽  
Seyyedeh Masoomeh (Shamila) Shadmanfaat ◽  
Christopher M. Donner
Keyword(s):  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
General Theory Of Crime ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Theory Of Crime ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Low Self Control ◽  
Different Levels

The prevalence of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use at different levels of professional sport has become an important social issue, particularly when considering recent high-profile incidents from professional sports and the Olympics. Due to the myriad of individual, team, and sociopolitical consequences that can stem from PED use, it becomes critical to study the etiology of PED involvement among athletes regarding this deviant behavior. Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime is one such theory that may aid in explaining this phenomenon. As such, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between effective parenting, self-control, and athletes’ use of banned PEDs. Survey data from 784 professional athletes in Iran were collected, and the findings indicated that ineffective parenting, low self-control capacity, and self-control desire had significant effects on PED use. In addition, moderation effects and gender analyses were examined. Specific findings, policy implications, and study limitations are discussed.

Smarter, Not Harder: A Toolbox Approach to Enhancing Self-Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156
Author(s):  
Kentaro Fujita ◽  
Ariana Orvell ◽  
Ethan Kross
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Policy Implications

According to common sense, successful self-control requires “willpower.” Psychology often models willpower as the effortful inhibition of temptation impulses—a process theorized to require sufficient motivation and resources. This article challenges the centrality of willpower in self-control. Instead, successful self-control relies on a variety of strategies beyond effortful inhibition: diminishing the influence of immediately available rewards and bolstering motivation toward more abstract, distant rewards. Furthermore, self-control is better conceived as a “toolbox” of strategies; success entails finding the tools that work best for a given individual at a given time. In other words, improving self-control is not about becoming stronger, but rather about becoming smarter. This approach has policy implications and suggests priorities for research.

Runaway Jury: An Analysis of State Laws Concerning Juror Impeachment

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-421
Author(s):  
Brenda I. Rowe ◽  
Wesley S. McCann
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Current State ◽  
Jury Deliberations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Motivating Factor ◽  
Clear Statement ◽  
The U.S

The no impeachment rule bars the admission into evidence of juror testimony regarding jury deliberations in proceedings questioning the validity of a verdict. In Pena-Rodriguez v. Colorado, the U.S. Supreme Court created a constitutional exception to the no impeachment rule to allow impeachment of a verdict by a juror’s testimony regarding a fellow juror’s clear statement during jury deliberations indicating reliance on racial bias as a substantial motivating factor for that juror’s vote. This study traces the history of the no impeachment rule, analyzes the Court’s decision in Pena-Rodriguez v. Colorado, examines variation in exceptions provided by states’ statutory no impeachment rules, and discusses the likely impact of Pena-Rodriguez as well as policy implications of the current state of no impeachment statutes.

The central nervous control of food and water intake

1951 ◽  
Vol 138 (893) ◽  
pp. 528-544 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Renal Excretion ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Calorie Content ◽  
Apparent Correlation ◽  
Food And Water Intake

It has been suggested that food and water consumption in the rat may be co-ordinated by the hypothalamus, as closely contiguous hypothalamic centres control these functions (Strominger 1947). This possibility has been investigated by a study of the effect of damaging each of the centres in turn. Lesions of the tuberal nuclei caused obesity, and in such animals the effect of reduction of water intake on food consumption was increased. Similarly, in diabetes insipidus caused by lesions in the supra-optic region, the effect of diet on water exchange was exaggerated. Variation of the chemical composition of the diet showed that the rat could maintain a constant calorie intake while varying its water consumption widely. Adolph (1947) showed that when food and water were given to the rat together as milk, the intake was governed by calorie content alone, even though this involved drinking an excess of fluid. In rats with diabetes insipidus, it has been shown that calorie content was still the determinant of the amount of milk drunk, although in severe cases the associated fluid was inadequate to prevent dehydration. If the lesion causing diabetes insipidus was extended so as to damage in addition the tuberal centre controlling food intake, limitation of milk intake did not occur, and dehydration was prevented. These experiments provide additional evidence of the activity of a hypothalamic satiety centre. It is suggested that the hypothalamic control of food and water acceptance depends on different, though normally related, features of the diet, food acceptance on the calorie content and water acceptance ultimately on the demands imposed by the renal excretion of the products of metabolism. The apparent correlation of food and water intake in the rat does not imply central co-ordination.

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