The Social Use and Value of Blue-Green Stone Mosaics at Sites within Canal System 2, Phoenix Basin, Hohokam Regional System

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Lindsay M. Shepard ◽  
Will G. Russell ◽  
Christopher W. Schwartz ◽  
Robert S. Weiner ◽  
Ben A. Nelson

The occurrence of nonlocal objects, raw materials, and ideas in the southwestern United States (U.S. SW) has long been recognized as evidence of interaction between prehispanic peoples of this region and those of greater Mesoamerica. Although many archaeologists have analyzed the directionality and potential means by which these objects and concepts moved across the landscape, few have assessed the degree to which Mesoamerican practices and traditional assemblages remained intact as the artifacts and ideas moved farther from their places of origin. The current study analyzes the distribution and deposition of blue-green stone mosaics, a craft technology that was well established in Mesoamerica by the Late Preclassic period (300 BC–AD 250) and spread to the U.S. SW by the start of the Hohokam Pioneer period (AD 475). We assess the spatial distribution, contextual deposition, and morphology of mosaics at sites within Hohokam Canal System 2, located in the Phoenix Basin of Arizona. We use these data to infer mosaics’ social value and function within Hohokam social structure. Analyses suggest that, although the technology of mosaic making may have originated in Mesoamerica, the contexts and ways in which mosaics were used in the Hohokam regional system were decidedly Hohokam.

Revista Trace ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Catherine Héau Lambert

No se estudian aquí las letras violentas de las canciones, sino el espacio “detonador” o “liberador” de agresividad y violencia constituido por los espacios de intercomunicación en internet. Queda claro que la violencia/agresividad no se origina en las canciones, sino que las canciones puestas en un espacio de expresión libre en internet provocan una catarsis social que revela mucha miseria humana: sentimiento de inferioridad, soledad y rabia que se expresan en un seudonacionalismo y un machismo exacerbados, en la idealización y sobrevaloración del lugar de origen, en la homofobia (como insultos) y la glorificación de los narcos. El análisis de los discursos violentos desatados en torno a los narcocorridos en YouTube revela el despertar de viejos demonios desculpabilizados (allí no existe lo “políticamente correcto”): racismo y lealtades cuasi-feudales hacia los señores de la droga y sus territorios. ¿Dónde quedó México como nación si presenciamos una acérrima lucha verbal entre “territorios” de los carteles? La violencia virtual expresada en estos comentarios es la consecuencia de violencias padecidas a causa de la marginación social: el ciclo vicioso del desprecio cuando la auto-estimación debe transitar por la humillación del otro (¡aún cuando sea mi hermano en la desgracia!) en lugar de revertirse contra un sistema que los margina.Abstract: We are not going to analyze the words of the narcocorridos, but to study the social use and function that the Mexican Internet users do with the sites dedicated to the narcocorridos on YouTube as spaces that permit to detonate and liberate aggressiveness. The purpose of this paper is to examine the violence of their comments. It is clear that this violence/aggressiveness is not directly produced by the songs, but that these songs placed in a space of free expression on the internet are causing a social catharsis which reveals a great human misery: feelings of inferiority, loneliness and social anger which expresses themselves through a pseudonationalism and a machismo exacerbated by the idealization and the upper-valuation of their native regions, by homophobia (used as insult) and the glorification of the traffickers. Analysis of the comments sent to YouTube on narcocorridos videos shows the revival and resurgence of old evils, now free of guilt (here the politically correct does not exist), such as racism and neo-feudal loyalty to the drug lords and their territories. Face to these comments, one may ask the question whether Mexico as a built-nation still exists in the imaginary political Mexican world, or if whether it has moved backwards to a sum of territories at the drug cartels service. Virtual violence expressed in these hate-speeches is the result of other violence rooted in the social marginalization: it is the vicious circle of contempt where the self esteem must pass by the humiliation of the other (even when companion of the same misfortune), instead of turning against a system that marginalized them.Résumé : Il ne s’agit pas ici d’analyser les paroles des chansons, mais d’étudier l’usage et la fonction sociale que font les internautes mexicains des sites consacrés aux narcocorridos sur YouTube comme espaces détonateurs et libérateurs d’agressivité. La violence de leurs commentaires fait l’objet de cette étude. Il est clair que cette violence/agressivité n’est pas directement produite par les chansons, mais que ces chansons placées dans un espace de libre expression sur Internet provoquent une catharsis sociale qui révèle une grande misère humaine: sentiments d’infériorité, solitude et rage sociale qui s’expriment par un pseudonationalisme et un machisme exacerbés, par l’idéalisation et la survalorisation du terroir d’origine, par l’homophobie (utilisée comme insulte) et la glorification des narcotrafiquants. L’analyse des commentaires envoyés à You- Tube à propos des vidéos de narcocorridos montre le réveil ou la réapparition de vieux démons déculpabilisés (ici le politiquement correct n’existe pas): racisme et loyauté quasiféodale envers les seigneurs de la drogue et leurs territoires. Face à ces commentaires, on peut se poser la question de savoir si, dans l’imaginaire mexicain, le Mexique existe encore comme nation ou n’est plus qu’une somme de territoires inféodés aux cartels de la drogue. La violence virtuelle exprimée dans ces discours est le résultat d’autres violences qui s’enracinent dans la marginalisation sociale: c’est le cercle vicieux du mépris où l’estime de soi doit transiter par l’humiliation de l’autre (quand bien même il s’agit du frère/compagnon d’infortune), au lieu de se retourner contre un système qui les marginalise.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Eduardo Cornejo Bustamante ◽  
Patricio Galarce Cornejos ◽  
Miguel Saavedra Villanueva ◽  
Lorena Sanhueza Riquelme

This paper presents the results of a study of the composition of lithic raw materials from the contexts of archaeological sites of hunter-gatherers of Central Chile (latitudes 33° to 34.5° S) between 5000 to 1000 years BP. This territory is characterized by a wide distribution of certain coarse and medium-grained lithic raw materials (andesite, basalt and granite), preferably used in low formatted tools, and the specific location of those of fine grain (obsidian and siliceous rocks), suitable for bifacial reduction, only in some localities. In this analysis, 22 sites have been included, each of which presents different proportions of these raw materials in their context, a set that, when analysed in terms of the diversity of each case, generated clear spatial groupings which were ratified by means of a principle component analysis. These groupings of sites are located in direct association with the lithic landscape of different localities within the region, although we propose that the simple cost-benefit explanation would not account for their formation. According to the authors, these groups would be marked by behaviours that can only result from social restrictions on access to certain sources of these raw materials, especially considering that the distances between their location and the position of the different sources in several cases is not too large to be considered a factor in itself. These restrictions could be interpreted as the existence of socially different groups within the study area, a question that is compared with ethnographic data currently available on the size of the territories of different groups of hunter-gatherers and their annual mobility ranges.


2015 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna M. Glowacki ◽  
Jeffrey R. Ferguson ◽  
Winston Hurst ◽  
Catherine M. Cameron

Understanding how the Chaco regional system operated requires examining the social networks maintained by great house communities during both the peak and decline ofChaco's influence. We used neutron activation analysis (NAA) of pottery, kiln wasters, and clays from three great house communities in southeast Utah (Bluff, Cottonwood Wash, and Comb Wash) to examine pottery production and the interaction networks of their residents. West of Comb Ridge, most gray ware jars or the materials they were made from were imported from east of Comb Ridge in both Chaco and post-Chaco times, while importation of painted white wares changed in the post-Chaco era as local production increased. This counters the expectation that painted pots are more likely to be exchanged than cooking jars. Kiln sherds and prepared clays are shown to be better identifiers of production area than raw clays, and paste color is confirmed as a useful clay source indicator in the Comb Ridge vicinity. Great house communities in the Comb Ridge area continued to exchange pots and/or ceramic raw materials in the post-Chaco era, but there is evidence for shifting social networks and intensified local production of white ware.


2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen De Cruz ◽  
Johan De Smedt

This paper examines the cognitive foundations of natural theology: the intuitions that provide the raw materials for religious arguments, and the social context in which they are defended or challenged. We show that the premises on which natural theological arguments are based rely on intuitions that emerge early in development, and that underlie our expectations for everyday situations, e.g., about how causation works, or how design is recognized. In spite of the universality of these intuitions, the cogency of natural theological arguments remains a matter of continued debate. To understand why they are controversial, we draw on social theories of reasoning and argumentation.


Author(s):  
Dianne Toe ◽  
Louise Paatsch ◽  
Amy Szarkowski

Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children who use spoken language face unique challenges when communicating with others who have typical hearing, particularly their peers. In such contexts, the social use of language has been recognized as an area of vulnerability among individuals in this population and has become a focus for research and intervention. The development of pragmatic skills intersects with many aspects of child development, including emotional intelligence and executive function, as well as social and emotional development. While all these areas are important, they are beyond the scope of this chapter, which highlights the impact of pragmatics on the specific area of cognition. Cognitive pragmatics is broadly defined as the study of the mental processes involved in the understanding of meaning in the context of a cooperative interaction. This chapter explores how DHH children and young people construe meaning in the context of conversations and expository interactions with their peers. The chapter aims to examine the role played by the cognitive processes of making inferences and comprehending implicature, within the overall display of pragmatic skills. Further, the authors use this lens in the analysis of interactions between DHH children and their peers in order to shed light on the development of pragmatic skills in children who are DHH.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4312
Author(s):  
Marzena Smol

Circular economy (CE) is an economic model, in which raw materials remain in circulation as long as possible and the generation of waste is minimized. In the fertilizer sector, waste rich in nutrients should be directed to agriculture purposes. This paper presents an analysis of recommended directions for the use of nutrient-rich waste in fertilizer sector and an evaluation of possible interest in this kind of fertilizer by a selected group of end-users (nurseries). The scope of research includes the state-of-the-art analysis on circular aspects and recommended directions in the CE implementation in the fertilizer sector (with focus on sewage-based waste), and survey analysis on the potential interest of nurseries in the use of waste-based fertilizers in Poland. There are more and more recommendations for the use of waste for agriculture purposes at European and national levels. The waste-based products have to meet certain requirements in order to put such products on the marker. Nurserymen are interested in contributing to the process of transformation towards the CE model in Poland; however, they are not fully convinced due to a lack of experience in the use of waste-based products and a lack of social acceptance and health risk in this regard. Further actions to build the social acceptance of waste-based fertilizers, and the education of end-users themselves in their application is required.


2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 434-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Albert ◽  
Felix Maximilian Bathon

This article provides a sympathetic, yet also somewhat critical, engagement with the notion of ‘quantizing’ by exploring substantive overlaps between quantum and systems theory. It is based on the observation that while quantum theory is ‘non-classical’ in its entire world-view, there is a danger that when it comes to the social world it is simply laid on a world-view of that world, which remains at its core ‘classical’. This situation calls for engaging quantum with existing non-classical social theories. Resemblances between quantum and systems theory are obviously given through similarities around the concepts of observation and meaning, whose status and function in both bodies of theory is explored. We then probe the degree to which obvious analogies in fact could be read as overlaps and similarities that could be put to complementary analytical use: in a sense, we argue that systems theory ‘does’ quantum theory, and vice versa. The article concludes with some vistas of this discussion for the field of international relations.


1958 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Carlston

It is the purpose of this article to investigate the status of concession agreements in the light of the rules of international law bearing on the power of a state to nationalize property. It is a continuation of an earlier article which explored the nature and function of the concession agreement in the national and international economies. The first article rested on the assumption that legal rules could not be fully understood or evaluated without a fairly clear understanding of the social facts which they were designed to regulate.


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