Low temperature adsorption and site-conversion process of CO on the Ni(111) surface

2012 ◽  
Vol 606 (23-24) ◽  
pp. 1830-1836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Beniya ◽  
Noritake Isomura ◽  
Hirohito Hirata ◽  
Yoshihide Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Conversion Process

Fate of Benzalkonium Chloride in a Sewage Sludge Low Temperature Conversion Process Investigated by LC-LC/ESI-MS/MS

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Sütterlin ◽  
Rainer Trittler ◽  
Sebastian Bojanowski ◽  
Ernst A. Stadlbauer ◽  
Klaus Kümmerer
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
Conversion Process ◽  
Esi Ms

scholarly journals FORMATION OF IMPURITIES IN SYNTHESIS GAS AT STAGE OF CONVERSION OF CARBON MONOXIDE TO HYDROGEN IN AMMONIA PRODUCTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Tatyana V. Ivanova ◽  
Alexander A. Il'in ◽  
Ruslan N. Rumyantsev ◽  
Anastasia A. Kournikova ◽  
Alexander P. Ilyin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Synthesis Gas ◽  
Ammonia Synthesis ◽  
Conversion Process ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Co2 Removal ◽  
Ammonia Production ◽  
Medium Temperature

The article analyzes the work of the department for the conversion of carbon monoxide with water vapor to hydrogen as part of the ammonia synthesis unit. The effect of temperature and duration of operation of the medium-temperature conversion catalyst on the technical and technological parameters of the process is shown. The catalytic conversion of carbon monoxide is an important component of the hydrogen production process in the industrial technology of deep processing of natural gas. In modern ammonia synthesis units, the conversion process takes place in two stages: first, at a temperature of 360 – 430 °C on iron-chromium, and then at 190 – 260 °C on a copper-containing catalyst. It was found that along with the main products (H2, CO2), the presence of undesirable impurities of ammonia, amines, alcohols, acetates and formates was detected in the synthesis gas. It is shown that the main by-product at the stage of medium-temperature conversion is ammonia, the content of which in the condensate reaches 80-85%. Methanol is formed as a by-product both at the stage of medium-temperature (9-13%) and low-temperature conversion (87-91%). Most of the methanol generated during the conversion process is condensed with water in separators, while the rest goes to the CO2 removal system. In the separator, where the temperature is 160-162 °C, on average 68% of methanol remains in the gas phase, and in the separator, where deeper gas cooling is applied to 72 °C, about 81% of methanol remains in the condensate. To decrease the methanol content, it is necessary to lower the conversion temperature and increase the gas space velocity. Under the conditions of ammonia production from methanol and ammonia, a mixture of amines of varying degrees of substitution is formed, predominantly methylamine (CH3)NH2 and demytylamine (CH3)2NH2. Moreover, about 35-40% of the formed amines goes into condensate, and most of it remains in the gas phase and goes to the stage of cleaning from CO2. In the production of ammonia, solutions based on potash - K2CO3 are used to clean the converted gas from CO2, which absorb organic impurities, which are formed mainly at the stage of low-temperature conversion. Impurities impair the operation of the purification stage and cause foaming of solutions. One of the reasons for foaming is the presence of organic matter degradation products in the solution.

Polyaniline as Transparent Carrier Injection Electrode Compatible with Low Temperature Poly(p-Pheniline Vinylene) Conversion Process

2002 ◽  
Vol 374 (1) ◽  
pp. 439-444
Author(s):  
SILMAR A. TRAVAIN ◽  
LUIZ H. LIBARDI ◽  
ALEXANDRE MARLETTA ◽  
JOSé A. GIACOMETTI ◽  
FRANCISCO E. G. GUIMARãES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Conversion Process ◽  
Carrier Injection

Hydrocarbon Species Impact on NO to NO2 Conversion in a Compression Ignition Engine Under Low Temperature Combustion Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nupur Gupta ◽  
Xiao Yu ◽  
Simon LeBlanc ◽  
Nick Eaves ◽  
Ming Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Conversion Process ◽  
Intake Manifold ◽  
Renewable Fuels ◽  
Low Temperature Combustion ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Temperature Combustion ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Low temperature combustion has proved to be beneficial for low NOx and particulate matter emissions. Renewable fuels, such as biodiesel, alcohol fuels, and ether fuels can further decrease the carbon footprint of the engine. The NO to NO2 ratio in engine out NOx emissions has shown dependency on the concentration of hydrocarbon emissions. This relationship has a significant impact on the design of exhaust after-treatment systems. However, the effect of the renewable fuels on NO to NO2 conversion process is less understood. This paper investigates the impact of DME and propane on the in-cylinder conversion of NO to NO2 in a compression ignition engine. Firing test under low temperature combustion condition is first performed to demonstrate the impact of HC concentration on exhaust NO concentration and composition. Then, motoring tests are performed with a mixture of the HC and NO dosed into the engine intake manifold. The simplified testing scenario makes it easier to understand HC-NO interaction. To simplify the process of understanding the difference in fuel behavior a study of NO to NO2 conversion as a resolution of engine cycle is conducted using a Gas Sampling Valve which is capable of collecting in-cylinder gases at varying crank-angles. The FTIR data from these compression tests can help assist future mechanism studies to be performed. This study aims to describe the impact of the two fuels on the NO to NO2 conversion process and the boundary conditions at which these differences occur.

Mechanism and kinetics of low-temperature thermo-chemical conversion process for sewage sludge

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ho ◽  
L. Shao ◽  
G. Gu ◽  
G. Li
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Chemical Conversion ◽  
Transfer Characteristic ◽  
Reaction Model ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Conversion Process ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Aliphatic Compounds ◽  
Elementary Analysis

The low-temperature thermo-chemical conversion process for sewage sludge is a prospective technology, through which the energy in the sludge can be recovered. With the help of elementary analysis of sewage sludge and its conversion products, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of the sludge and GC/MS analysis of the derived oil, a study was carried out on element transfer, characteristic conversion temperature and conversion reaction mechanism of the process. The following results are obtained: 1) the predominant conversion reactions are distillation of aliphatic compounds, splitting of protein peptide bonds and group transfer; and 2) the main components involved in the conversion are aliphatic compounds and protein, with the lower reaction temperature for the former, the higher for the latter and the highest for saccharides. Based on the mechanism analyses, the simplified reaction model of the thermo-chemical conversion process for sewage sludge consists of two serial competitive reactions (producing volatile matter and char respectively). The estimated Arrhennius kinetic parameters of the reaction model based on TGA testing results are A1 = 4.15×106 1/s, n1 = 2, E1 = 98 kJ/mol; A2 = 1.42×105 1/s, n2 = 2, E2 = 85 kJ/mol; A3 = 1.01×1012 1/s, n3 = 4, E3 =190 kJ/mol; A4 = 1.33×109 1/s, n4 = 4,E4 = 146 kJ/mol.

Single step preparation of nanosilver loaded calcium phosphate by low temperature co-conversion process

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 2091-2100 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Suwanprateeb ◽  
F. Thammarakcharoen ◽  
K. Wasoontararat ◽  
W. Chokevivat ◽  
P. Phanphiriya
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Conversion Process ◽  
Co Conversion

Exhaust Emissions and Electric Energy Generation in a Stationary Engine Using Blends of Diesel and a Fuel Obtained Through the Low Temperature Conversion Process Applied to Petrochemical Residue

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto G. Pereira ◽  
Fernando L. B. de Abreu ◽  
Daniel L. T. Fernandes ◽  
Gilberto A. Romeiro ◽  
Ednilton T. de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Conversion Process ◽  
Pilot Unit

The present work describes an experimental investigation concerning the exhaust emissions and the electric energy generation using blends of diesel and an alternative fuel obtained through the low temperature conversion process applied to petrochemical residue. The alternative fuel (low temperature conversion fuel (LTCF)) was obtained in a pilot unit. The exhaust emissions (CO, CO2, O2, NO, NOx, and SO2) were also studied. The results show that the use of diesel-LTCF blends in a stationary engine is an alternative for the use of petrochemical residues. The mixture of 10 vol % of LTCF and 90 vol % of diesel is the best one concerning the exhaust emissions.

Drying and low temperature conversion - a process combination to treat sewage sludge obtained from oil refineries

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Th. Steger ◽  
Wolfgang Meißner
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Conversion Process ◽  
Water Separation ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Oil Water Separation ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Process Combination

Sewage sludge from oil refineries poses special problems in the disposal of solid, and often hazardous waste. Drying followed by low temperature conversion (i.e., pyrolysis at 400°C) renders sludge to fuel oil and char. This process was operated in full scale, using an input of 40 tonnes. An overall oil yield of 35% and a rate of 45% of char referring to the input of dried solids was achieved during the conversion process using a sludge having 16% dried solids concentration. Halogenated organics and PAH present in the the feed sludge were reduced during the conversion process by 98.4% and 83.7% respectively. Mercury was completely removed from the fuel oil and char through adsorption to the residue of oil/water separation (centrifugal sludge). The conversion oil produced meets fuel oil standards and can be used for industrial purposes. The char produced can be used as a reducing agent in steel manufacture.

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