Vacuum level for opening the teat sphincter and the change of the teat end wall thickness during the machine milking of mountainous Greek breed (Boutsiko) ewes

2007 ◽  
Vol 69 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 136-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sinapis ◽  
P.G. Marnet ◽  
B. Skapetas ◽  
I. Hatziminaoglou
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Vacuum Level ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
End Wall

scholarly journals Vacuum level for opening the teat sphincter and the change in the teat end wall thickness in response to the machine milking of indigenous Greek goats

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Skapetas ◽  
J. Katanos ◽  
V. Laga ◽  
Ε. Sinapis ◽  
I. Hatziminaoglou
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Vacuum Level ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
End Wall ◽  
Teat Canal

The aim of this paper was to study some of the teat characteristics involved in the milking ability of indigenous Greek goats such as the vacuum level of the milking machine that is required for the opening of the teat canal sphincter and the changes in the teat end wall thickness induced by milking. Thirty-six dams (12 of the first, 12 of the second and 12 of the third and subsequent lactations) were used after weaning (60 ± 5 days). Dams were milked twice a day (8:00 and 18:00 h) for 12 weeks in a milking parlour 1 × 12 side by side of Casse type with 6 milking units and a low milk line and air pipeline. The main functional characteristics of milking machine were: vacuum level 44 kPa, pulsation rate 90 pulsations/min and pulsation ratio 50:50. Every 14 days, during morning and evening milking the vacuum level that was required for the opening of the teat sphincter (VOTS) was measured. The measurement of teat end wall thickness (TEWT) was performed before and after milking. The results of this study showed that during the experimental period the mean VOTS was 23.57 ± 0.36 kPa and decreased significantly as the stage of lactation progressed (<I>P</I>< 0.001). The post-milking TEWT was 3.55% higher in comparison with that before milking (<I>P</I> < 0.01). A continuous and significant decrease in teat thickness was observed during the lactation stage (<I>P</I> < 0.001), which suggests a reaction to intramammary pressure and milk quantity in the udder. The TEWT was affected significantly by the parity (<I>P</I> < 0.01). A positive correlation was found between VOTS and TEWT before and after milking (0.4 and 0.36, respectively). It could be said that a lower vacuum level is required for the opening of the teat sphincter of the udder in goats of the indigenous Greek breed. The thicker teat end wall and more resistant sphincter could be less favourable in the machine milking of goats.

Responses of the bovine teat to machine milking: measurement of changes in thickness of the teat apex

1988 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörn Hamann ◽  
Graeme A. Mein
Keyword(s):  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Vacuum Level ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Degree

SummaryChanges in the teat apex before and after different milking treatments were measured with a spring-loaded caliper device known as a cutimeter which could detect changes in thickness of the tissues of the teat end, presumably due to congestion and/or oedema, with a high degree of accuracy (± 2%) and repeatability (r = 0·99). Teat end thickness increased with increasing vacuum level. The mean increase immediately after milking with a conventional cluster was 2% for 24 teats milked at 30 kPa, 8% at 50 kPa and 21% at 70 kPa. At these vacuum levels, the mean increases for the same teats milked with an unconventional (PKME) teatcup were 10, 18 and 25% respectively. Cyclic application of 35 kPa positive pressure to the pulsation chamber of a conventional teatcup operating at 50 kPa reduced teat end thickness by 8% compared with the mean premilking value. Although most teats returned to within ± 2% of their premilking thickness values by 1 h after milking, differences were apparent between different milking systems for up to 4 h postmilking.

scholarly journals Influence of low vacuum levels on milking characteristics of sheep, goat and buffalo

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2s) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Caria ◽  
Carlo Boselli ◽  
Lelia Murgia ◽  
Remo Rosati ◽  
Antonio Pazzona
Keyword(s):  
High Vacuum ◽  
Vacuum Level ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
The World ◽  
Study Characteristics ◽  
Principal Factors ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Teat Canal ◽  
Different Parts

Different settings of the operating parameters (pulsator rate, pulsator ratio and vacuum) are used for milking dairy species in different parts of the world. The level of the operating vacuum in machine milking is one of the principal factors which influence the integrity of the tissues and the milk quality. High vacuum levels (&gt;42 kPa) are often used to facilitate the opening of the teat canal by overcoming the biological closing forces whithin the teat sphincter, but can result in severe machine-induced teat tissue damage. In this study characteristics and performances of mechanical milking at low vacuum levels have been investigated in different dairy species. Milking times and milk productions have been obtained from milk emission curves, recorded by electronic milk-meters (LactoCorder®) during the milking at different vacuum levels of sheep, goats and buffaloes. The results of the comparative experiments clearly indicate that a low vacuum level modifies the kinetics of milk emission, the machine-on time and, thus, the throughput of milking system, in all the dairy species considered. Milk yield was satisfactory at any level tested, showing that low vacuums can be adequate to completely empty the udder. Slight differences were found across species concerning the increase in the milking time per head associated with low levels of milking vacuum Our study represents a contribution to encourage the decrease of the working vacuum during mechanical milking, also for those dairy species generally considered hard to be milked, as buffaloes. Milking should be performed applying the lowest vacuum level, compatible with not excessively prolonging milking time, in line with the animal welfare on dairy husbandry.

scholarly journals Effect of milking vacuum level and overmilking on cows’ teat characteristics

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pařilová ◽  
L. Stádník ◽  
A. Ježková ◽  
L. Štolc
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Vacuum Level ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Teat Canal ◽  
Test Treatment

The influence of milking vacuum and milk flow level (resp. detachment level) on cows’ teat characteristics were studied in four experiments. The MIXED procedure was used to test treatment effects on the level of teat length, teat thickness at the base and half-way between the teat end and the base of udder, teat canal length, teat end width, teat wall thickness, teat cistern width after milking and on differences between these teat characteristics measured before and after milking. A total of 51 cows were included in all experiments. All the cows had clinically healthy udders. Some cows were involved in two or more experiments. Finally, 330 teat measurements of 165 cows were taken and statistically processed. Vacuum and milking with or without overmilking significantly (P < 0.05-0.001) influence monitored parameters. Milking vacuum has an influence on two of three measured external teat parameters: teat diameter measured at the base of the teat and half-way between the udder base and the teat tip. Change in teat length measured before and immediately after milking was higher when higher vacuum of 45 kPa was used. Detachment level also has an influence on teat proportions. Overmilked teats were longer and narrower compared to non-overmilked teats. Interaction between milking vacuum and detachment level influences external teat parameters as well.

Increased teat wall thickness in response to machine milking

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Stauffer ◽  
Elke Van der Vekens ◽  
Michael H. Stoffel ◽  
Daniela Schweizer ◽  
Rupert M. Bruckmaier
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Machine Milking

How does the milk removal method affect teat tissue and teat recovery in dairy ewes?

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Alejandro ◽  
Amparo Roca ◽  
Gema Romero ◽  
Jose Ramon Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Wall Area ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Teat Canal

The aim of this work was to study how machine milking (MM) carried out in suitable conditions affects teat wall thickness and teat canal length and their return after milking to pre-milking conditions, in comparison with other milk extraction methods considered biological referents: lamb suckling (LS), milk removal by catheter (RC) and hand milking (HM). Three Latin square experiments were designed, using 11 ewes in the first experiment (LS), 13 in the second (RC) and 12 in the third (HM). Each of the Latin squares was divided into two periods: in the first, the left gland of each animal was machine milked and the corresponding treatment (LS, RC and HM) was applied to the right gland. Subsequently, in the second period the extraction methods were interchanged. During the experimental period, 4 sampling days were carried out (2 in each experimental period), where ultrasound scans were taken before (B) and immediately after milking (A) and at 1 (1 h), 2 (2 h), 3 (3 h), 4 (4 h), 6 (6 h), 8 (8 h) and 10 (10 h) hours after milking finished. Teat wall thickness (TWT), teat wall area (TWA), teat end area (TEWA) and teat canal length (TCL) were measured in all the ultrasound images. MM increased TWT after milking compared with RC. TWT, TWA, TEWA and TCL were lower (P<0·05) in HM than in MM. No significant differences (P>0·05) were found between LS and MM for any variable. The extraction method affected the recovery time of the variables, with total teat recovery at 6 h after RC and 4 h after HM. In the case of LS, the TEWA and TCL values were recovered sooner, as of 3 h. Teat recovery time after MM was similar to the extraction method with which it was compared in each experiment. Thus, considering the similar increase in wall thickness and their recovery time compared with the reference methods, it was concluded that machine milking, carried out in optimum conditions and respecting the time interval between milkings usually applied on sheep farms (8–12 h), would not affect teat integrity. Moreover, given the variability observed in teat thickness recovery time between the different experiments, further research should be carried out to study which factors intrinsic and extrinsic to the animal may affect the teat wall thickness and recovery time after machine milking.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE END WALL THICKNESS VARIATION OF TUBES AFTER REDUCING MILL

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Orlov ◽  
S. E. Ashkanov ◽  
A. G. Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Thickness Variation ◽  
Wall Thickness Variation ◽  
End Wall

Influence of vacuum level, pulsation rate and pulsator ratio on machine milking efficiency in local Greek goats

2000 ◽  
Vol 64 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Sinapis ◽  
I Hatziminaoglou ◽  
P.G Marnet ◽  
Z Abas ◽  
A Bolou
Keyword(s):  
Vacuum Level ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Pulsation Rate
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