Combination of intraneural injection and high injection pressure leads to fascicular injury and neurologic deficits in dogs

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 417-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
A HADZIC ◽  
F DILBEROVIC ◽  
S SHAH ◽  
A KULENOVIC ◽  
E KAPUR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injection Pressure ◽  
High Injection ◽  
Neurologic Deficits ◽  
High Injection Pressure ◽  
Intraneural Injection

Combination of intraneural injection and high injection pressure leads to fascicular injury and neurologic deficits in dogs

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 417-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Admir Hadzic ◽  
Faruk Dilberovic ◽  
Shruti Shah ◽  
Amela Kulenovic ◽  
Eldan Kapur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injection Pressure ◽  
High Injection ◽  
Neurologic Deficits ◽  
High Injection Pressure ◽  
Intraneural Injection

Impact of Very High Injection Pressure on Soot Emissions of Medium Speed Large Diesel Engines

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Engelmayer ◽  
Gert Taucher ◽  
Andreas Wimmer ◽  
Gernot Hirschl ◽  
Thomas Kammerdiener
Keyword(s):  
Soot Formation ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Nozzle Geometry ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
High Injection ◽  
High Injection Pressure ◽  
Soot Emissions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

Measures exist to adjust tailpipe NOx emissions to assigned values, for example cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) or a SCR catalyst in conjunction with urea. The situation is quite different with soot when use of a trap is not feasible for reasons of cost, space requirements and maintenance. Due to the highly complex soot formation and oxidation process, soot emissions can’t be targeted as easily as NOX. So how can soot be kept within the limits? In principle, soot can be controlled by allocating sufficient oxygen and establishing good mixing conditions with vaporized fuel. The most effective measures target the injection system, e.g. increasing injection pressure, applying multiple injections, optimizing nozzle geometry. To investigate the impact of very high injection pressure on soot, an advanced injection system with rail pressure capability up to 3000 bar and a Bosch injector was installed at the Large Engines Competence Center (LEC) in Graz. Full load and part load operating points at constant speed and in accordance with the propeller law were investigated at the test bed to quantify the impact of high injection pressure on soot emissions. Test runs were conducted with both SCR and EGR while varying injection timing and air-fuel ratios. Use of a statistical method, Design of Experiments (DOE), helped reduce the number of tests. Optical investigations of the spray and combustion were conducted. The goal was to obtain soot concentration history traces with the two color method in order to better understand how soot originates and to be able to calibrate 3D CFD FIRE spray models for use with injection pressures of up to 3000 bar. Very low soot emissions can be achieved using high pressure injection, even when EGR is applied. DOE results provide a clear picture of the relationships between the parameters and can be used to optimize set values for the whole speed and load range. A reliable spray break up model can be used in further 3D CFD simulation to investigate how to reduce soot emissions.

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