Revisiting the correlations between wet skid resistance and viscoelasticity of rubber composites via comparing carbon black and silica fillers

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan-Xia Wang ◽  
Jian-Hua Ma ◽  
Li-Qun Zhang ◽  
You-Ping Wu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Silica Fillers ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

ELASTOMERIC NANOPARTICLES: EFFECTIVE ADDITIVE FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE RUBBER NANOCOMPOSITES

2020 ◽  
pp. 000-000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Wang ◽  
Jinliang Qiao ◽  
Zhifeng Zhou ◽  
Jianming Gao ◽  
Guicun Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Automobile Industry ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Wear Life ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

ABSTRACT The “magic triangle” is the most important challenge to rubber composites for the automobile industry. According to the magic triangle, it is difficult to improve the rolling resistance (energy saving), wet skid resistance (safety), and wear (life) of a tire simultaneously. However, ∼5% decrease of rolling resistance, >20% increase of wet skid resistance, and 15% decrease of wear were achieved after adding a small amount of elastomeric nanoparticle (ENP). The effect of ENP on the performances of rubber composites was expounded by characterization of the dispersion of filler and the relationship between filler and rubber. The main difference between ENPs and other nanoparticles was that ENPs acted as not only a part of filler but also as a part of rubber in rubber composites.

Magnesium Silicate Filler in Rubber Tread Compounds

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis González Hernández ◽  
Luis M. Ibarra Rueda ◽  
Celia Chamorro Antón
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Silane Coupling Agent ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Magnesium Silicate ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Silane Coupling ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract The natural magnesium silicate, sepiolite (trade name Pansil), can partially substitute (up to 30%) for carbon black without important losses in physical properties and occasionally can improve them. In the NR-based compounds, as the substitution takes place, vulcanization times and Mooney viscosities decrease. Tear and abrasion resistances are lower. The same effects are observed in the SBR-based compounds, though in this case, the addition of a silane coupling agent (Silane A-189) counteracts the negative effects of the sepiolite, and the obtained values are clearly better than those with only carbon black. According to tan δ behavior in truck tire tread compounds, this filler type gives a higher wet grip resistance, but rolling resistance would be adversely affected by its use, though the presence of a silane coupling agent diminishes these effects. On the contrary, in passenger tire tread compounds, the partial substitution for carbon black seems to increase the wet resistance too, without a pronounced damage in rolling resistance. In this case, the addition of the silane coupling agent produces an increase in wet skid resistance and a decrease in rolling resistance. Based on laboratory tests, rolling resistance increases in all cases, mainly when the sepiolite was modified with silane. Wet skid resistance showed no variations. Clearly, it would be desirable to confirm our observations by an actual tire test.

scholarly journals Incorporation of Oligomeric Hydrocarbon Resins for Improving the Properties of Aircraft Tire Retreads

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 9834
Author(s):  
Indriasari Indriasari ◽  
Jacques Noordermeer ◽  
Wilma Dierkes
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbon ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Slight Improvement ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Pure Silica ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Hybrid Carbon ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

This study focuses on the use of oligomeric hydrocarbon resins in order to benefit from their effect on improving the performance of aircraft tire retreads. The aim was to enhance the tackiness for the retreading process and their final performance in terms of superior stress–strain properties and low heat generation in order to decrease treadwear; thus, increasing the tire’s service life, and in terms of traction or skid resistance to improve safety during landing of an aircraft. Two types of resins are investigated: a terpene phenol and an aromatic hydrocarbon C9 resin, added to compounds with different filler systems: Carbon Black (CB), hybrid Carbon Black/Silica (CB/SI), and pure Silica (SI). The rubber compounds and vulcanizates are compared to their controls for each filler system. The use of resins improves processing independent of the filler system, with a slight improvement of tensile strength, Modulus at 300% (M300%) and Elongation at Break (EAB). The incorporation of resins improves the tackiness for the compounds with all filler systems, which is beneficial for the retreading process. A significant improvement in Ice Traction (ICT) and Wet Skid Resistance (WSR) with a trade-off in Heat Build-Up (HBU) is observed in CB- and CB/SI-reinforced compounds when resins are added. Terpene phenol and aromatic hydrocarbon C9 resin show comparable ICT, while the aromatic hydrocarbon C9 resin gives a better WSR performance than the terpene phenol in all compounds. However, a slight improvement in HBU with the use of both resins is only observed in the SI-filled system. The present exploratory study into the addition of resins demonstrates the potential to significantly improve the overall performance of aircraft tire retreads, justifying more in-depth investigations into this possibility in real tires.

Effect of Cohesion Loss Factor on Wet Skid Resistance of Tread Rubber

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Takino ◽  
N. Isobe ◽  
H. Tobori ◽  
S. Kohjiya
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Loss Factor ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Black Oil ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Tread Rubber ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract The effect of cohesion loss factor on wet skid resistance has not been studied systematically using three major factors, i.e., adhesion, hysteresis, and cohesion. Two different abrasions, PICO and BPST, as the cohesion loss factor were investigated for different polymers, carbon black grades, and carbon black/oil loadings. These two abrasion mechanisms are quite different, and BPST abrasion was concluded to be more suitable as a cohesion loss factor for the BPST (wsn) and tire wet μa. From the difference between PICO and BPST abrasions, superior material factors were analyzed from the viewpoint of the compatibility of both abrasion life and wet skid resistance of tire.

Effects of Carbon Black and Process Oil on Viscoelastic Properties and Tire Wet Skid Resistance

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Takino ◽  
H. Takahashi ◽  
K. Yamano ◽  
S. Kohjiya
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Hysteresis Loss ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Good Relationship ◽  
Rubber Friction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract Wet skid resistance for rubbers with a wide range of carbon black loadings and process oil loadings was investigated from the viewpoints of viscoelastic properties and abrasion properties. An analysis of wet skid resistance by the factors of Tα and BPST abrasion, which was effectively performed on a wide range of polymers in a previous report, gave a poor correlation this time. In the case of a wide range of carbon black loadings and oil loadings, the factors of tan δ and BPST abrasion had a good relationship with wet skid resistance. In this study, tan δ at 7°C was found to be a suitable factor corresponding to adhesion loss and hysteresis loss in rubber friction. By the evaluation of abrasions, BPST abrasion and PICO abrasion were estimated to be governed by different mechanisms.

Effect of Fillers on Wet Skid Resistance of Tires. Part II: Experimental Observations on Effect of Filler-Elastomer Interactions on Water Lubrication

2008 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Jiao Wang ◽  
Yakov Kutsovsky
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication ◽  
Water Film ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Track Surface ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract It was demonstrated previously that on the worn surface of vulcanizates during wet skid tests, carbon black is covered by rubber whereas silica particles are at least partly exposed. In this report, the experimental results of the effects of carbon black and silica on wet skid resistance measured by various test methods and under different conditions are explained based on the “Three Zone Concept” of the contact area of tread compounds with the track surface during sliding or rolling. The three zones are water film squeezing, transition and traction zones. In the first two zones, where hydro-dynamic and micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication mechanisms are dominant, silica is beneficial for wet friction. In the traction zone, where friction is governed by boundary lubrication, carbon black is preferred. Under test conditions where the water squeezing and transition zones are more developed, such as at high speed, lower temperature, smoother track surface, lower load, higher slip angle, and ABS brake, the silica shows better performance, but otherwise where the traction zone is larger, carbon black gives higher wet skid resistance. Accordingly, a new carbon-silica dual phase filler CSDPF 4210 that is characterized by high surface coverage with silica has been developed. With this material, the wet skid resistance of a passenger tire on a car with ABS at high speed and smooth road surface is significantly improved.

Effect of Fillers on Wet Skid Resistance of Tires. Part I: Water Lubrication Vs. Filler-Elastomer Interactions

2008 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 552-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Jiao Wang ◽  
Yakov Kutsovsky
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Surface Energies ◽  
Dry And Wet Conditions ◽  
Worn Surface ◽  
Rubber Film ◽  
Direct Investigation ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract From results of testing materials using a new filler, it was recognized that the wet skid resistance of tires is determined not only by dynamic properties of the tread compounds, but also by elastohydrodynamic lubrication, especially on the micro scale. By reviewing the basic concepts of friction under dry and wet conditions, and friction coefficients of possible model materials that are at the worn surface of tire tread compounds and road surface, it is inferred that after skid testing under wet conditions, the top skin of the worn surface contains some bare silica for silica-filled compounds, but the carbon black aggregates remain covered by rubber film. This inference is supported by measuring the surface energies of the fillers, analyzing the properties of filled vulcanizates, and direct investigation of worn surface of the compounds after skid test by AFM. The different surface compositions between silica- and carbon black-filled vulcanizates would lead to different effects on micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication, hence wet skid resistance, which will be the topic of next report of this study.

A New Carbon Black-Rubber Coupling Agent to Improve Wet Grip and Rolling Resistance of Tires

1996 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. González ◽  
A. Rodríguez ◽  
J. L. de Benito ◽  
A. Marcos
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dynamic Property ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
New Type ◽  
Wet Grip ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract The compound p-aminobenzenesulfonyl azide was developed as a new type of carbon black to rubber coupling agent. Its addition to rubber compounds increases resilience and moduli while reducing abrasion loss. The behavior of this coupling agent is confirmed by the dynamic mechanical response of the vulcanizates—the rubber Tg is shifted to higher temperatures. Rubber compositions containing this coupling agent may be used in tire treads to reduce rolling resistance and improve wet skid resistance. These attributes were estimated from dynamic property measurements.

Relationships Between the Friction and Viscoelastic Properties of Rubber

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Amino ◽  
Y. Uchiyama
Keyword(s):  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Abrasive Grain ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Silicone Carbide ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance ◽  
Frequency Curves

Abstract In this study, the relationships between friction and viscoelastic properties such as loss tangent tan δ and storage modulusE′ were examined. Wet skid resistance was measured using the British Pendulum Tester. The rubber specimens were rubbed againstfive silicone carbide cloths of differing abrasive grain sizes. The viscoelastic properties of the rubber specimens were measured with a viscoelasticspectrometer. From the data on wet skid resistance and viscoelastic properties, it is found that the coefficient of friction μ varies as follows:           μ = a + b · tan δ/E′ where a and b are constants. Tan δ/E′ was related to the hysteresis term of friction, and the μ-frequency curves were compared with the tan δ/E′ –frequency curves.

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