Testosterone influences volitional, but not reflexive orienting of attention in human males

2017 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 82-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Hansen ◽  
Jim McAuliffe ◽  
Bernard Goldfarb ◽  
Justin M. Carré
Keyword(s):  
Reflexive Orienting

Reflexive Orienting to Goal-Directed Actions

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Barton ◽  
Bennett Bertenthal
Keyword(s):  
Reflexive Orienting

scholarly journals Endogenous orienting in the archer fish

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (29) ◽  
pp. 7577-7581 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Saban ◽  
Liora Sekely ◽  
Raymond M. Klein ◽  
Shai Gabay
Keyword(s):  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Volitional Control ◽  
Reflexive Orienting ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Endogenous Orienting ◽  
Attention Orienting ◽  
Spatial Orienting ◽  
Human Attention ◽  
Human Participants

The literature has long emphasized the neocortex’s role in volitional processes. In this work, we examined endogenous orienting in an evolutionarily older species, the archer fish, which lacks neocortex-like cells. We used Posner’s classic endogenous cuing task, in which a centrally presented, spatially informative cue is followed by a target. The fish responded to the target by shooting a stream of water at it. Interestingly, the fish demonstrated a human-like “volitional” facilitation effect: their reaction times to targets that appeared on the side indicated by the precue were faster than their reaction times to targets on the opposite side. The fish also exhibited inhibition of return, an aftermath of orienting that commonly emerges only in reflexive orienting tasks in human participants. We believe that this pattern demonstrates the acquisition of an arbitrary connection between spatial orienting and a nonspatial feature of a centrally presented stimulus in nonprimate species. In the literature on human attention, orienting in response to such contingencies has been strongly associated with volitional control. We discuss the implications of these results for the evolution of orienting, and for the study of volitional processes in all species, including humans.

Impaired reflexive orienting to social cues in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 649-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Marotta ◽  
Maria Casagrande ◽  
Caterina Rosa ◽  
Lisa Maccari ◽  
Bianca Berloco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Reflexive Orienting ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Reflexive orienting in response to eye gaze and an arrow in children with and without autism

2004 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Senju ◽  
Yoshikuni Tojo ◽  
Hitoshi Dairoku ◽  
Toshikazu Hasegawa
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Reflexive Orienting

scholarly journals Reflexive orienting to gaze is not luminance dependent

2010 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin E. W. Laidlaw ◽  
Jay Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Reflexive Orienting

scholarly journals Using Auditory and Visual Stimuli to Investigate the Behavioral and Neuronal Consequences of Reflexive Covert Orienting

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2172-2184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew H. Bell ◽  
Jillian H. Fecteau ◽  
Douglas P. Munoz
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Behavioral Effect ◽  
Reflexive Orienting ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Sensory Interactions ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Reflexively orienting toward a peripheral cue can influence subsequent responses to a target, depending on when and where the cue and target appear relative to each other. At short delays between the cue and target [cue-target onset asynchrony (CTOA)], subjects are faster to respond when they appear at the same location, an effect referred to as reflexive attentional capture. At longer CTOAs, subjects are slower to respond when the two appear at the same location, an effect referred to as inhibition of return (IOR). Recent evidence suggests that these phenomena originate from sensory interactions between the cue- and target-related responses. The capture of attention originates from a strong target-related response, derived from the overlap of the cue- and target-related activities, whereas IOR corresponds to a weaker target-aligned response. If such interactions are responsible, then modifying their nature should impact the neuronal and behavioral outcome. Monkeys performed a cue-target saccade task featuring visual and auditory cues while neural activity was recorded from the superior colliculus (SC). Compared with visual stimuli, auditory responses are weaker and occur earlier, thereby decreasing the likelihood of interactions between these signals. Similar to previous studies, visual stimuli evoked reflexive attentional capture at a short CTOA (60 ms) and IOR at longer CTOAs (160 and 610 ms) with corresponding changes in the target-aligned activity in the SC. Auditory cues used in this study failed to elicit either a behavioral effect or modification of SC activity at any CTOA, supporting the hypothesis that reflexive orienting is mediated by sensory interactions between the cue and target stimuli.

scholarly journals The human amygdala drives reflexive orienting towards facial features

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (20) ◽  
pp. R917-R918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Gamer ◽  
Anna Katharina Schmitz ◽  
Marc Tittgemeyer ◽  
Leonhard Schilbach
Keyword(s):  
Facial Features ◽  
Reflexive Orienting

scholarly journals On the role of eye contact in gaze cueing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyveli Kompatsiari ◽  
Francesca Ciardo ◽  
Vadim Tikhanoff ◽  
Giorgio Metta ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Reflexive Orienting ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Human Eyes

Most experimental protocols examining joint attention with the gaze cueing paradigm are “observational” and “offline”, thereby not involving social interaction. We examined whether within a naturalistic online interaction, real-time eye contact influences the gaze cueing effect (GCE). We embedded gaze cueing in an interactive protocol with the iCub humanoid robot. This has the advantage of ecological validity combined with excellent experimental control. Critically, before averting the gaze, iCub either established eye contact or not, a manipulation enabled by an algorithm detecting position of the human eyes. For non-predictive gaze cueing procedure (Experiment 1), only the eye contact condition elicited GCE, while for counter-predictive procedure (Experiment 2), only the condition with no eye contact induced GCE. These results reveal an interactive effect of strategic (gaze validity) and social (eye contact) top-down components on the reflexive orienting of attention induced by gaze cues. More generally, we propose that naturalistic protocols with an embodied presence of an agent can cast a new light on mechanisms of social cognition.

scholarly journals Focusing on the face or getting distracted by social signals? The effect of distracting gestures on attentional focus in natural interaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Attentional Orienting ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Reflexive Orienting ◽  
Natural Interaction ◽  
Pointing Gestures ◽  
The Face

Attentional orienting towards others’ gaze direction or pointing has been wellinvestigated in laboratory conditions. However, less is known about the operation ofattentional mechanisms in online naturalistic social interaction scenarios. It is equally plausible that following social directional cues (gaze, pointing) occurs reflexively, and/orthat it is influenced by top-down cognitive factors. In a mobile eye-tracking experiment,we show that under natural interaction conditions overt attentional orienting is notnecessarily reflexively triggered by pointing gestures or a combination of gaze shifts andpointing gestures. We found that participants conversing with an experimenter, who,during the interaction, would play out pointing gestures as well as directional gaze movements, continued to mostly focus their gaze on the face of the experimenter, demonstrating the significance of attending to the face of the interaction partner – in linewith effective top-down control over reflexive orienting of attention in the direction of social cues.

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