scholarly journals Using Auditory and Visual Stimuli to Investigate the Behavioral and Neuronal Consequences of Reflexive Covert Orienting

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2172-2184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew H. Bell ◽  
Jillian H. Fecteau ◽  
Douglas P. Munoz
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Behavioral Effect ◽  
Reflexive Orienting ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Sensory Interactions ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Reflexively orienting toward a peripheral cue can influence subsequent responses to a target, depending on when and where the cue and target appear relative to each other. At short delays between the cue and target [cue-target onset asynchrony (CTOA)], subjects are faster to respond when they appear at the same location, an effect referred to as reflexive attentional capture. At longer CTOAs, subjects are slower to respond when the two appear at the same location, an effect referred to as inhibition of return (IOR). Recent evidence suggests that these phenomena originate from sensory interactions between the cue- and target-related responses. The capture of attention originates from a strong target-related response, derived from the overlap of the cue- and target-related activities, whereas IOR corresponds to a weaker target-aligned response. If such interactions are responsible, then modifying their nature should impact the neuronal and behavioral outcome. Monkeys performed a cue-target saccade task featuring visual and auditory cues while neural activity was recorded from the superior colliculus (SC). Compared with visual stimuli, auditory responses are weaker and occur earlier, thereby decreasing the likelihood of interactions between these signals. Similar to previous studies, visual stimuli evoked reflexive attentional capture at a short CTOA (60 ms) and IOR at longer CTOAs (160 and 610 ms) with corresponding changes in the target-aligned activity in the SC. Auditory cues used in this study failed to elicit either a behavioral effect or modification of SC activity at any CTOA, supporting the hypothesis that reflexive orienting is mediated by sensory interactions between the cue and target stimuli.

An Event-related fMRI Study of Exogenous Facilitation and Inhibition of Return in the Auditory Modality

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Mayer ◽  
Deborah L. Harrington ◽  
Julia Stephen ◽  
John C. Adair ◽  
Roland R. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Functional Results ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Postcentral Gyrus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

The orienting of attention to different locations in space is fundamental to most organisms and occurs in all sensory modalities. Orienting has been extensively studied in vision, but to date, few studies have investigated neuronal networks underlying automatic orienting of attention and inhibition of return to auditory signals. In the current experiment, functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral data were collected while healthy volunteers performed an auditory orienting task in which a monaurally presented tone pip (cue) correctly or incorrectly cued the location of a target tone pip. The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the cue and target was 100 or 800 msec. Behavioral results were consistent with previous studies showing that valid auditory cues produced facilitation at the short SOA and inhibition of return at the long SOA. Functional results indicated that the reorienting of attention (100 msec SOA) and inhibition of return (800 msec SOA) were mediated by both common and distinct neuronal structures. Both attention mechanisms commonly activated a network consisting of fronto-oculomotor areas, the left postcentral gyrus, right premotor area, and bilateral tonsil of the cerebellum. Several distinct areas of frontal and parietal activation were identified for the reorienting condition, whereas the right inferior parietal lobule was the only structure uniquely associated with inhibition of return.

scholarly journals Endogenous orienting in the archer fish

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (29) ◽  
pp. 7577-7581 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Saban ◽  
Liora Sekely ◽  
Raymond M. Klein ◽  
Shai Gabay
Keyword(s):  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Volitional Control ◽  
Reflexive Orienting ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Endogenous Orienting ◽  
Attention Orienting ◽  
Spatial Orienting ◽  
Human Attention ◽  
Human Participants

The literature has long emphasized the neocortex’s role in volitional processes. In this work, we examined endogenous orienting in an evolutionarily older species, the archer fish, which lacks neocortex-like cells. We used Posner’s classic endogenous cuing task, in which a centrally presented, spatially informative cue is followed by a target. The fish responded to the target by shooting a stream of water at it. Interestingly, the fish demonstrated a human-like “volitional” facilitation effect: their reaction times to targets that appeared on the side indicated by the precue were faster than their reaction times to targets on the opposite side. The fish also exhibited inhibition of return, an aftermath of orienting that commonly emerges only in reflexive orienting tasks in human participants. We believe that this pattern demonstrates the acquisition of an arbitrary connection between spatial orienting and a nonspatial feature of a centrally presented stimulus in nonprimate species. In the literature on human attention, orienting in response to such contingencies has been strongly associated with volitional control. We discuss the implications of these results for the evolution of orienting, and for the study of volitional processes in all species, including humans.

Multimodal Ternus: Visual, Tactile, and Visuo — Tactile Grouping in Apparent Motion

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5844 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1455-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Harrar ◽  
Laurence R Harris
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Light Touch ◽  
Visual Group ◽  
Motion Stimulus ◽  
Group Motion ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Gestalt rules that describe how visual stimuli are grouped also apply to sounds, but it is unknown if the Gestalt rules also apply to tactile or uniquely multimodal stimuli. To investigate these rules, we used lights, touches, and a combination of lights and touches, arranged in a classic Ternus configuration. Three stimuli (A, B, C) were arranged in a row across three fingers. A and B were presented for 50 ms and, after a delay, B and C were presented for 50 ms. Subjects were asked whether they perceived AB moving to BC (group motion) or A moving to C (element motion). For all three types of stimuli, at short delays, A to C dominated, while at longer delays AB to BC dominated. The critical delay, where perception changed from group to element motion, was significantly different for the visual Ternus (3 lights, 162 ms) and the tactile Ternus (3 touches, 195 ms). The critical delay for the multimodal Ternus (3 light – touch pairs, 161 ms) was not different from the visual or tactile Ternus effects. In a second experiment, subjects were exposed to 2.5 min of visual group motion (stimulus onset asynchrony = 300 ms). The exposure caused a shift in the critical delay of the visual Ternus, a trend in the same direction for the multimodal Ternus, but no shift in the tactile Ternus. These results suggest separate but similar grouping rules for visual, tactile, and multimodal stimuli.

scholarly journals Inhibitory and Facilitatory Cueing Effects: Competition between Exogenous and Endogenous Mechanisms

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Lim ◽  
Vivian Eng ◽  
Caitlyn Osborne ◽  
Steve M. J. Janssen ◽  
Jason Satel
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Target Onset ◽  
Saccadic Reaction Times ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Endogenous Activity ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Delayed Responses

Inhibition of return is characterized by delayed responses to previously attended locations when the cue-target onset asynchrony (CTOA) is long enough. However, when cues are predictive of a target’s location, faster reaction times to cued as compared to uncued targets are normally observed. In this series of experiments investigating saccadic reaction times, we manipulated the cue predictability to 25% (counterpredictive), 50% (nonpredictive), and 75% (predictive) to investigate the interaction between predictive endogenous facilitatory (FCEs) and inhibitory cueing effects (ICEs). Overall, larger ICEs were seen in the counterpredictive condition than in the nonpredictive condition, and no ICE was found in the predictive condition. Based on the hypothesized additivity of FCEs and ICEs, we reasoned that the null ICEs observed in the predictive condition are the result of two opposing mechanisms balancing each other out, and the large ICEs observed with counterpredictive cueing can be attributed to the combination of endogenous facilitation at uncued locations with inhibition at cued locations. Our findings suggest that the endogenous activity contributed by cue predictability can reduce the overall inhibition observed when the mechanisms occur at the same location, or enhance behavioral inhibition when the mechanisms occur at opposite locations.

Audiovisual Integration Delayed by Stimulus Onset Asynchrony Between Auditory and Visual Stimuli in Older Adults

Perception ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanna Ren ◽  
Weiping Yang ◽  
Kohei Nakahashi ◽  
Satoshi Takahashi ◽  
Jinglong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Audiovisual Integration ◽  
Peak Latency ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Temporal Factors ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
The Impact

Although neuronal studies have shown that audiovisual integration is regulated by temporal factors, there is still little knowledge about the impact of temporal factors on audiovisual integration in older adults. To clarify how stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between auditory and visual stimuli modulates age-related audiovisual integration, 20 younger adults (21–24 years) and 20 older adults (61–80 years) were instructed to perform an auditory or visual stimuli discrimination experiment. The results showed that in younger adults, audiovisual integration was altered from an enhancement (AV, A ± 50 V) to a depression (A ± 150 V). In older adults, the alterative pattern was similar to that for younger adults with the expansion of SOA; however, older adults showed significantly delayed onset for the time-window-of-integration and peak latency in all conditions, which further demonstrated that audiovisual integration was delayed more severely with the expansion of SOA, especially in the peak latency for V-preceded-A conditions in older adults. Our study suggested that audiovisual facilitative integration occurs only within a certain SOA range (e.g., −50 to 50 ms) in both younger and older adults. Moreover, our results confirm that the response for older adults was slowed and provided empirical evidence that integration ability is much more sensitive to the temporal alignment of audiovisual stimuli in older adults.

scholarly journals Visual and auditory contextual cues differentially influence alcohol-related inhibitory control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Qureshi ◽  
Rebecca Monk ◽  
Charlotte Rebecca Pennington ◽  
Jennifer Rose Oulton
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Testing Environment ◽  
Audio Cues

Introduction: Representing a more immersive testing environment, the current study exposed individuals to both alcohol-related visual and auditory cues to assess their respective impact on alcohol-related inhibitory control. It examined further whether individual variation in alcohol consumption and trait effortful control may predict inhibitory control performance. Method: Twenty-five U.K. university students (Mage = 23.08, SD = 8.26) completed an anti-saccade eye-tracking task and were instructed to look towards (pro) or directly away (anti) from alcohol-related and neutral visual stimuli. Short alcohol-related sound cues (bar audio) were played on 50% of trials and were compared with responses where no sounds were played. Results: Findings indicate that participants launched more incorrect saccades towards alcohol-related visual stimuli on anti-saccade trials, and responded quicker to alcohol on pro-saccade trials. Alcohol-related audio cues reduced latencies for both pro- and anti-saccade trials and reduced anti-saccade error rates to alcohol-related visual stimuli. Controlling for trait effortful control and problem alcohol consumption removed these effects. Conclusion: These findings suggest that alcohol-related visual cues may be associated with reduced inhibitory control, evidenced by increased errors and faster response latencies. The presentation of alcohol-related auditory cues, however, appears to enhance performance accuracy. It is postulated that auditory cues may re-contextualise visual stimuli into a more familiar setting that reduces their saliency and lessens their attentional pull.

scholarly journals Visual Modulation of Auditory Responses in the Owl Inferior Colliculus

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 2924-2933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Bergan ◽  
Eric I. Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Auditory Space ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Auditory Space Map ◽  
Visual Modulation ◽  
Auditory Plasticity

The barn owl's central auditory system creates a map of auditory space in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICX). Although the crucial role visual experience plays in the formation and maintenance of this auditory space map is well established, the mechanism by which vision influences ICX responses remains unclear. Surprisingly, previous experiments have found that in the absence of extensive pharmacological manipulation, visual stimuli do not drive neural responses in the ICX. Here we investigated the influence of dynamic visual stimuli on auditory responses in the ICX. We show that a salient visual stimulus, when coincident with an auditory stimulus, can modulate auditory responses in the ICX even though the same visual stimulus may elicit no neural responses when presented alone. For each ICX neuron, the most effective auditory and visual stimuli were located in the same region of space. In addition, the magnitude of the visual modulation of auditory responses was dependent on the context of the stimulus presentation with novel visual stimuli eliciting consistently larger response modulations than frequently presented visual stimuli. Thus the visual modulation of ICX responses is dependent on the characteristics of the visual stimulus as well as on the spatial and temporal correspondence of the auditory and visual stimuli. These results demonstrate moment-to-moment visual enhancements of auditory responsiveness that, in the short-term, increase auditory responses to salient bimodal stimuli and in the long-term could serve to instruct the adaptive auditory plasticity necessary to maintain accurate auditory orienting behavior.

Inhibition of return at multiple locations in visual search: When you see it and when you don't

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 1221-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice J. Snyder ◽  
Alan Kingstone
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Target Onset ◽  
Alternative Account ◽  
Sequential Task ◽  
Data Support

Using a novel sequential task, Danziger, Kingstone, and Snyder (1998) provided conclusive evidence that inhibition of return (IOR) can co-occur at multiple non-contiguous locations. They argued that their findings depended crucially on the allocation of attention to cued locations. Specifically, they hypothesized that because subjects could not predict whether an onset event was a target or a non-target, all onset events had to be attended. As a result, non-targets were tagged with inhibition. The present study tested this hypothesis by manipulating whether target onset was predictable or not. In support of Danziger et al., three experiments revealed that multiple IOR was only observed when attention had to be directed to the cued locations. Interestingly, when attention did not need to be allocated to the cued locations, and multiple IOR was abolished, an IOR effect was still observed at the most recently cued location. Two possible accounts for this single IOR effect were presented for future investigation. One account attributes the effect to motor-based inhibition as hypothesized by Klein and Taylor (1994). The alternative account attributes the effect to weak attentional capture by a peripheral cue. Together the data support the view that multiple IOR is an attentional phenomenon and, as hypothesized by Tipper, Weaver, and Watson (1996), its presence or absence is largely under the control of the observer.

Response Conflict and Inhibition of Return

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yena Bi
Keyword(s):  
Target Detection ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Uncued Location ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Response Conflict ◽  
Response Condition ◽  
Key Press ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Much research has suggested that attention is biased away from previously attended locations-- a phenomenon termed inhibition of return (IOR). Traditionally, IOR studies use simple visual stimuli in detection tasks and employ a cue-target paradigm where a task-irrelevant cue is briefly presented followed by a target at either a cued location (same location as cue) or at an uncued location. Participants provide no response to the cue, but then produce a key press response upon target detection. When the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) is less than 300 ms, response to the target is facilitated by the cue; when the SOA is greater than 300 ms, response to the target is slowed at the cued location. The current study investigates different cue-target tasks and their effect on inhibition of return (IOR). We will conduct a between-subjects experiment with three conditions differing in response instruction. Target-only condition replicates the classic IOR study using a cue-target, detection task paradigm in which participants respond to the target but not the cue. Same-response condition requires participants to make identical responses to the cue and target. Different-response condition requires participants to provide a response to both the cue and the target, but the responses for the cue and target will differ. Together these studies help us understand the extent that IOR is caused by a motor response conflict as we compare the magnitude of IOR from the three testing conditions.

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