Parsing the relations between SES and stress reactivity: Examining individual differences in neonatal stress response

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Keenan ◽  
Dana Gunthorpe ◽  
Desia Grace
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Neonatal Stress

Mechanism of the Immediate Capillary Stress Response

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenö Kramár ◽  
William V. Meyers ◽  
Harry H. McCarthy ◽  
Nicholas Dietz ◽  
Margarete Simay-Kramár ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Primary Effect ◽  
Biphasic Response ◽  
Capillary Stress ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Capillary Resistance ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Capillary Response

Two possibilities may be considered for the mechanism of the immediate capillary stress response: the direct nervous origin, and the humoral. The latter was investigated in this study. Immediate capillary stress response was found in the absence of the adrenal, pituitary or thyroid glands, and after removal of both the adrenals and the pituitary. Among the 10 physiologic substances considered as playing a potential role in this phenomenon, three were found to possess capillary activity. Vasopressin as well as oxytocin increases capillary resistance. Histamine gives rise to a biphasic response, involving a decrease of capillary resistance (primary effect) followed by an increase (due to vasopressin elicited by histamine). By means of these substances it is possible to duplicate the immediate capillary stress response. During the immediate capillary response plasma has antidiuretic and chloruretic properties—a finding compatible with an increased vasopressin concentration and with the assumption that vasopressin is discharged rather regularly in the first phase of the stress response. The immediate capillary stress response seems to be the result of an interplay between vasopressin-oxytocin, and histamine. Species and individual differences in the sensitivity to these substances may account for the various patterns of the capillary response. The possible significance of the immediate capillary response and of the increased vasopressin activity in some clinical conditions is discussed.

scholarly journals Procoagulant reactivity to laboratory acute mental stress in Africans and Caucasians, and its relation to depressive symptoms: The SABPA Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 977-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Hamer ◽  
Nico T. Malan ◽  
Kobus Scheepers ◽  
Muriel Meiring ◽  
Leonè Malan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Questionnaire ◽  
D Dimer

SummaryThe risk of cardiovascular disease is dramatically increasing in Africans (black). The prothrombotic stress response contributes to atherothrombotic disease and is modulated by depressive symptoms. We examined coagulation reactivity to acute mental stress and its relation to psychological well-being in Africans relative to Caucasians (white). A total of 102 African and 165 Caucasian school teachers underwent the Stroop Color-Word Conflict test. Circulating levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen, fibrinogen, and D-dimer were measured before and after the Stroop. Cardiovascular reactivity measures were also obtained. All participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the General Health Questionnaire-28 for the assessment of depressive symptoms and total psychological distress, respectively. After controlling for covariates, resting levels of VWF, fibrinogen, and D-dimer were higher in Africans than in Caucasians (all p-values ≤0.006). Depressive symptoms and psychological distress were not significantly associated with resting coagulation measures. Stress reactivity in VWF (p<0.001) and fibrinogen (p=0.016), but not in D-dimer (p=0.27), were decreased in Africans relative to Caucasians with Africans showing greater reactivity of total peripheral resistance (p=0.017). Depressive symptoms, but not general psychological distress, were associated with greater VWF increase (p=0.029) and greater fibrinogen decrease (p=0.030) in Africans relative to Caucasians. In conclusion, Africans showed greater hypercoagulability at rest but diminished procoagulant reactivity to acute mental stress when compared with Caucasians. Ethnic differences in the vascular adrenergic stress response might partially explain this finding. Depressive symptoms were associated with exaggerated VWF reactivity in Africans relative to Caucasians. The clinical implications of these findings for Africans need further study.

scholarly journals Social Anxiety and Common OXTR Gene Variant are Associated with Cortisol Response Following Peer Social Challenge

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon J Auer ◽  
DeMond M. Grant ◽  
Douglas A. Granger ◽  
Dahlia Mukherjee ◽  
Erika F.H. Saunders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Peer Rejection ◽  
Gene Variant ◽  
Social Interaction Anxiety ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Oxtr Rs53576 ◽  
Interaction Anxiety ◽  
Over Time

Peer rejection and acceptance experiences are commonplace with potential to promote emotional and adrenocortical stress reactivity. Risk for heightened stress reactivity during these social challenges may be influenced by individual differences in social interaction anxiety (SIA) and the common gene variant, OXTR rs53576, but this relationship remains to be elucidated. We tested the relationship between SIA, OXTR rs53576, and cortisol stress response over time in 53 young adults (Mage=20.13yrs) using an experimental design. Participants were randomized to receive either scripted rejection or acceptance from a group of peer confederates. Saliva samples were collected pre- and post-evaluation and assayed for cortisol. In the peer rejection condition, participants showed significantly lower cortisol responses over time when social interaction anxiety levels were not elevated (versus elevated), and when possessing the GG genotype (versus AA/AG). In the peer acceptance condition, when SIA was not elevated, the GG genotype was associated with significantly lower cortisol responses than the AA/AG genotype. Individual differences in SIA and OXTR 53576 are related to cortisol responses to peer social stressors, with non-elevated levels of SIA and the GG genotype generally contributing to reduced cortisol responsiveness.

scholarly journals The buffer effect of therapy dog exposure on stress reactivity in undergraduate students

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra J. Fiocco ◽  
Anastasia M. Hunse
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
University Students ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Buffer Effect ◽  
Therapy Dog ◽  
Effect Of Therapy

Stress is an insidious health risk that is commonly reported among university students. While research suggests that dog exposure may facilitate recovery from a stress response, little is known about the buffer effect of dog exposure on the stress response to a future stressor. This study examined whether interaction with a therapy dog could reduce the strength of the physiological stress response when exposed to a subsequent stressor. Sixty-one university students were randomly assigned to either a therapy dog (TD, n = 31) or a no-dog control (C, n = 30) group. The stress response was measured by electrodermal activity (EDA) in response to the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Participants also completed questionnaires that assessed pet attitude, general stress levels, and affect. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) showed that increase in EDA was significantly more pronounced in the C group than in the TD group (p < 0.01). Pet attitudes did not modulate the buffer effect of therapy dog exposure. Results suggest that therapy dog exposure may buffer the stress response in university students, which has implications for the promotion of a viable stress management program on university campuses. Keywords: stress; therapy dog; intervention; human-animal interaction

scholarly journals Maternal age and maternal environment affect stress reactivity and measures of social behaviour in laying hens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana R. L. V. Peixoto ◽  
Leanne Cooley ◽  
Tina M. Widowski
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Maternal Environment ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Commercial Breeder

Abstract Maternal effects can shape the phenotypes of offspring, but the extent to which a layer breeder’s experience can affect commercial laying hens remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of maternal age and maternal environment on laying hens' behaviour and stress response. In our first experiment (E1), commercial hybrid hens were reared either in aviary or barren brooding cages, then housed in aviary, conventional cages or furnished (enriched) cages, thus forming different maternal housing treatments. Hens from each treatment were inseminated at three ages, and measures of response to manual restraint and social stress were assessed in offspring. In experiment 2 (E2), maternal age effects on offspring's stress response were further investigated using fertile eggs from commercial breeder flocks at three ages. In E1, maternal age affected struggling and corticosterone during manual restraint, feather pecking and pulling and comb wounds. Additionally, maternal rearing and housing in aviary systems showed positive effects on measures of behaviour and stress response in offspring. Effects of maternal age were not replicated in E2, possibly due to methodological differences or higher tolerance to maternal effects in commercial breeders. Overall, we recommend researchers start reporting parent stock's age to increase our understanding of the subject.

scholarly journals New Perspectives in the Model of Stress Response

2017 ◽  
pp. S173-S185 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. TONHAJZEROVA ◽  
M. MESTANIK
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Biofeedback Training ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Adaptive Calibration ◽  
As Stress

The reactions of human organism to changes of internal or external environment termed as stress response have been at the center of interest during recent decades. Several theories were designed to describe the regulatory mechanisms which maintain the stability of vital physiological functions under conditions of threat or other environmental challenges. However, most of the models of stress reactivity were focused on specific aspects of the regulatory outcomes – physiological (e.g. neuroendocrine), psychological or behavioral regulation. Recently, a novel complex theory based on evolutionary and developmental biology has been introduced. The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress response employs a broad range of the findings from previous theories of stress and analyzes the responsivity to stress with respect to interindividual differences as a consequence of conditional adaptation – the ability to modify developmental trajectory to match the conditions of the social and physical environment. This review summarizes the contributions of the most important models in the field of stress response and emphasizes the importance of complex analysis of the psycho-physiological mechanisms. Moreover, it outlines the implications for nonpharmacological treatment of stress-related disorders with the application of biofeedback training as a promising tool based on voluntary modification of neurophysiological functions.

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