In-situ investigation on real-time suspended sediment measurement techniques: Turbidimetry, acoustic attenuation, laser diffraction (LISST) and vibrating tube densimetry

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Felix ◽  
Ismail Albayrak ◽  
Robert Michael Boes
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Laser Diffraction ◽  
Acoustic Attenuation ◽  
In Situ Investigation

scholarly journals Real-time in-situ Investigation of III-V Nanowire Growth using Custom-designed Hybrid Chemical Vapor Deposition-TEM

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1716-1717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Dick Thelander ◽  
L. Reine Wallenberg ◽  
Axel R. Persson ◽  
Marcus Tornberg ◽  
Daniel Jacobsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Nanowire Growth ◽  
In Situ Investigation

Real time and in-situ analysis of the gas-emissions of the Eastern Carpathians: results and perspectives

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Szalay ◽  
Boglárka-Mercédesz Kis ◽  
Szabolcs Harangi ◽  
László Palcsu ◽  
Marcello Bitetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Volcanic Area ◽  
Tectonic Structures ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Volcanic Degassing ◽  
Eastern Carpathians ◽  
In Situ Investigation ◽  
Carpathian Flysch

<p>The Carpathian-Pannonian region was dominated by diverse volcanic activity for the last 20 million years, and even 1 million years ago there was precedent for active zones.  Although volcanic eruptions are very uncommon in the region today, however the frequent earthquakes in the Carpathian-bend, the numerous appearance and intense manifestation of gas-emissions in the southeastern areas of the region and many petrochemical and geochemical volcanologic studies as well, indicate that the area is likely not completely inactive. The gas emissions investigated by us may be directly related to these geodynamic processes [1].</p><p>In Romania, the Eastern Carpathian Neogene-Quaternary volcanic chain and it’s neighbouring zones contain most of the carbon dioxide rich gas emissions, which also occur in the form of natural mofettes, bubbling pools and springs. They can appear in frequently populated settlements more often in cellars, which puts the inhabitants in direct danger due the lack of information in the public knowledge.</p><p>The motivation of our work is to gather real time and in-situ information with the help of Multi-Gas instrument about the composition of the gas-emissions across the Eastern Carpathians and to create a high resolution geological map from the measured sites in the mentioned area above. Furthermore, we would like to clarify if there is any relation between the tectonic characteristics of the study area and the manifestation, concentration of gas-emissions.</p><p>In total, 205 gas emissions were investigated for their CO<sub>2 </sub>(0-100%), CH<sub>4 </sub>(0-7%) and H<sub>2</sub>S (0-200 ppm) concentrations. The composition of the different gas-species varied according to the geological context. The <strong>CO<sub>2</sub></strong> concentrations varied between 0.96 and 98.08 %. The highest values were measured in the the Quaternary volcanic area of Ciomad, and also in the neighbouring thrusted and folded area of the Carpathian Flysch which suggests a tectonic control over the appearance of the gas emissions.</p><p>The <strong>CH<sub>4</sub></strong> concentrations ranged between 0.21 and 6.76% and were higher at hydrocarbon-prone areas, such as the sedimentary deposits of the Transylvanian Basin and Carpathian Flysch. In these cases the CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations were low (up to 4.6%).</p><p>The <strong>H<sub>2</sub>S</strong> concentrations varied between 0.21 and 200 ppm, according to our knowledge, these are the first H<sub>2</sub>S in-situ measurements in the gas emissions of the study area. The concentrations of H<sub>2</sub>S were higher at the volcanic area of Ciomad, reaching values above the detection limit (~200 ppm) which are related to volcanic degassing.</p><p>In conclusion, based on the investigated sites, there is a spatial correlation between the appearance of mineral water springs, gas emissions on surface and the neighbouring tectonic structures. The Multi-Gas proved to be a useful tool in the in-situ investigation of gas emissions of the Eastern Carpathians, being efficient especially for the measurement of the H<sub>2</sub>S concentrations that are very sensitive for oxidation processes.</p><p><strong>Bibliography:</strong></p><p>1.Kis B.M., Caracusi, A., Palcsu, L., Baciu, C., Ionescu, A., Futó, I., Sciarra, A., Harangi, Sz., Noble Gas and Carbon Isotope Systematics at the Seemingly Inactive Ciomadul Volcano (Eastern‐Central Europe, Romania): Evidence for Volcanic Degassing, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.20, issue 6, 2019, 3019-3043.</p>

Real-Time Investigation of Solid and Liquid State Reactions In Au-Sn/Cu System

1989 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyong Oh ◽  
Igor Y. Khandros ◽  
Janet L. Poetzinger
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Eutectic Temperature ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
In Situ Investigation

AbstractA real-time x-ray analysis technique has been developed and employed for in-situ investigation of solid and liquid state reactions in Au-Sn/Cu system as a function of temperature. Typically, 1 μm eutectic Au-Sn films were deposited on 1.5 μm Cu layers on Si wafers. Phase changes in Au-Sn films on Cu from ambient to above the eutectic temperature have been investigated. Cu diffusion into Au-Sn film above 250 °C resulted in a ternary Au-Sn-Cu compound and raised the melting temperature of the structure to about 325 °C. This affects joining characteristics of the Au-Sn metallization.

Real-Time in Situ Investigation of Supramolecular Shape Memory Process by Fluorescence Switching

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (17) ◽  
pp. 9499-9506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Lu ◽  
Chunxin Ma ◽  
Dong Zhang ◽  
Xiaoxia Le ◽  
Jiawei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Memory Process ◽  
In Situ Investigation ◽  
Fluorescence Switching

The International Soil Moisture Network in assistance of EO soil moisture validation products, services and models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Aberer ◽  
Irene Himmelbauer ◽  
Lukas Schremmer ◽  
Ivana Petrakovic ◽  
Wouter Dorigo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Web Portal ◽  
Soil Moisture Data ◽  
Spatial Coverage

<p>The International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN, https://ismn.geo.tuwien.ac.at/) is an international cooperation to establish and maintain a unique centralized global data hosting facility, making in situ soil moisture data easily and freely accessible. This database is an essential means for validating and improving global satellite soil moisture products, land surface -, climate- , and hydrological models. </p><p>In situ measurements are crucial to calibrate and validate satellite soil moisture products. For a meaningful comparison with remotely sensed data and reliable validation results, the quality of the reference data is essential. The various independent local and regional in situ networks often do not follow standardized measurement techniques or protocols, collecting their data in different units, at different depths and at various sampling rates. Besides, quality control is rarely applied and accessing the data is often not easy or feasible.</p><p>The ISMN has been created to address the above-mentioned issues and is building a stable base to assist EO products, services and models. Within the ISMN, in situ soil moisture measurements (surface and sub-surface) are collected, harmonized in terms of units and sampling rates, advanced quality control is applied and the data is then stored in a database and made available online, where users can download it for free.</p><p>Founded in 2009, the ISMN has grown to a widely used in situ data source including 61 networks with more than 2600 stations distributed on a global scale and a steadily growing user community > 3200 registered users strong. Time series with hourly timestamps from 1952 – up to near real time are stored in the database and are available through the ISMN web portal, including daily near-real time updates from 6 networks (> 900 stations). With continuous financial support through the European Space Agency (formerly SMOS and IDEAS+ programs, currently QA4EO program), the ISMN evolved into a platform of benchmark data for several operational services such as ESA CCI Soil Moisture, the Copernicus Climate Change (C3S), the Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS) and the online validation service Quality Assurance for Soil Moisture (QA4SM). In general, ISMN data is widely used in a variety of scientific fields (e.g. climate, water, agriculture, disasters, ecosystems, weather, biodiversity, etc.).</p><p>About 10’000 datasets are available through the web portal. However, the spatial coverage of in situ observations still needs to be improved. For example, in Africa and South America only sparse data are available. Innovative ideas, such as the inclusion of soil moisture data from low cost sensors (eventually) collected by citizen scientists, holds the potential of closing this gap, thus providing new information and knowledge.</p><p>In this session, we give an overview of the ISMN, its unique features and its benefits for validating satellite soil moisture products.</p>

Ulyssys Water Quality Viewer: a satellite-based global near real time water quality visualization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Zlinszky ◽  
Gergely Padányi-Gulyás
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Quality Information ◽  
Custom Script ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentrations ◽  
Sentinel 2

<p>Sampling-based water quality monitoring networks are inherently spatially sparse. In locations or times where no in-situ water quality data are available, satellite imagery is an essential source of information. Satellite remote sensing can provide high spatial or temporal resolution imagery and has provided a breakthrough for oceanography, but so far, applications for coastal and inland water were limited by data resolution. Recently established satellite systems provide significant advances: Sentinel-2 delivers imagery with 20 m resolution, suitable for viewing even small rivers and ponds. Sentinel-3 delivers daily imagery with 300 m pixel size, which for lakes and coastal seas allows tracking water quality processes at the speed they happen. Information on suspended sediment and chlorophyll concentrations in water can be derived from optical images using simple calculations. The accuracy of these operations will vary across locations and can only be assessed through calibration and validation with in situ data. In absence of such data for all lakes globally, UWQV is based on a small set of algorithms that have been verified on several optically complex water systems to have a close to linear correlation with chlorophyll or suspended sediment concentration. Suspended sediment visualization is based on radiances observed in the 620 or 700 nm spectral bands, while chlorophyll visualization uses fluorescence-based indicators: Fluorescence Line Height, Reflectance Line Height and Maximum Chlorophyll Index. Since remote sensing based chlorophyll retrieval in sediment-laden waters with low transparency is hardly possible, for such cases chlorophyll concentrations are not visualized. The viewer runs as a Custom Script in the Sentinel-Hub EO Browser, which is a global, near real-time satellite data viewing and algorithm testing framework. The Javascript code is open source and enables users to easily tune visualization parameters and select different algorithms for cloud and water masking and chlorophyll and suspended sediment visualization.<br>Wherever in-situ water quality measurements are available, UWQV contributes significant added value by complementing water sample or instrument-based data, providing a map view or even a timelapse of maps; by providing an early warning system for water quality deterioration; by supporting optimization of sampling times and locations based on spatially and temporally explicit information, and  enabling cross-validating water quality information from different sources to reduce uncertainty or identify implausible measurements. Additionally, data-driven spatially explicit models can be verified and tuned based on similarity of their output to situations observed on satellite imagery.<br>UWQV is has all the advantages and drawbacks of a global solution: it will never be more accurate than a locally tuned water quality remote sensing algorithm; however, we hope that it will encourage water quality authorities and stakeholders to initiate the development of locally optimized satellite-based monitoring. By providing easy to read visualizations in a framework accessible to the general public, UWQV can democratize water quality information and raise public awareness of water quality processes and problems.</p><p>The first version of the algorithm is available in the Sentinel-Hub Custom Script Repository under the following link: https://github.com/sentinel-hub/custom-scripts/tree/master/sentinel-2/ulyssys_water_quality_viewer</p><p>An interactive test example of the visualization can be accessed here: tinyurl.com/UWQV-example</p>

Real-Time and in Situ Investigation of “Living”/Controlled Photopolymerization in the Presence of a Trithiocarbonate

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 2576-2582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Wang ◽  
Qianbiao Li ◽  
Jingwen Dai ◽  
Fanfan Du ◽  
Haiting Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
In Situ Investigation

Real-time in-situ investigation of copper ultrathin films growth

2018 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 216-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandr Belosludtsev ◽  
Naglis Kyžas
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Ultrathin Films ◽  
In Situ Investigation
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