In vitro transformation of paralytic shellfish toxins in the clams Mya arenaria and Protothaca staminea

Harmful Algae ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Fast ◽  
Allan D. Cembella ◽  
Neil W. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Mya Arenaria ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
In Vitro Transformation ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Protothaca Staminea

Biogeography of resistance to paralytic shellfish toxins in softshell clam, Mya arenaria (L.), populations along the Atlantic coast of North America

2018 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 196-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Phillips ◽  
V. Monica Bricelj ◽  
Maren Mitch ◽  
Robert M. Cerrato ◽  
Scott MacQuarrie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Mya Arenaria ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Softshell Clam

Population differences in nerve resistance to paralytic shellfish toxins in softshell clam, Mya arenaria, associated with sodium channel mutations

2006 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 1227-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie B. Connell ◽  
Scott P. MacQuarrie ◽  
Betty M. Twarog ◽  
Melissa Iszard ◽  
V. Monica Bricelj
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Channel ◽  
Mya Arenaria ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Softshell Clam

scholarly journals In Vitro Effects of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Lytic Extracellular Compounds Produced by Alexandrium Strains on Hemocyte Integrity and Function in Mytilus edulis

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 544
Author(s):  
Virginia Angélica Bianchi ◽  
Ulf Bickmeyer ◽  
Urban Tillmann ◽  
Bernd Krock ◽  
Annegret Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Dose Dependent

Harmful effects caused by the exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and bioactive extracellular compounds (BECs) on bivalves are frequently difficult to attribute to one or the other compound group. We evaluate and compare the distinct effects of PSTs extracted from Alexandrium catenella (Alex5) cells and extracellular lytic compounds (LCs) produced by A. tamarense (NX-57-08) on Mytilus edulis hemocytes. We used a 4 h dose–response in vitro approach and analyzed how these effects correlate with those observed in a previous in vivo feeding assay. Both bioactive compounds caused moderated cell death (10–15%), being dose-dependent for PST-exposed hemocytes. PSTs stimulated phagocytic activity at low doses, with a moderate incidence in lysosomal damage (30–50%) at all tested doses. LCs caused a dose-dependent impairment of phagocytic activity (up to 80%) and damage to lysosomal membranes (up to 90%). PSTs and LCs suppressed cellular ROS production and scavenged H2O2 in in vitro assays. Neither PSTs nor LCs affected the mitochondrial membrane potential in hemocytes. In vitro effects of PST extracts on M. edulis hemocytes were consistent with our previous study on in vivo exposure to PST-producing algae, while for LCs, in vivo and in vitro results were not as consistent.

Bacterial degradation of paralytic shellfish toxins

Toxicon ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie J. Donovan ◽  
John C. Ku ◽  
Michael A. Quilliam ◽  
Tom A. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

scholarly journals Change in Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Depending on Dynamics of Harmful Alexandrium catenella (Group I) in the Geoje Coast (South Korea) during Bloom Season

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 442
Author(s):  
Seung Ho Baek ◽  
Jung Min Choi ◽  
Minji Lee ◽  
Bum Soo Park ◽  
Yuchengmin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Consumption ◽  
Nakdong River ◽  
Alexandrium Catenella ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Group I ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
The Nakdong River

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) produced by Alexandrium catenella (formerly A. tamarense) in Korean coastal waters caused the deaths of four people (in 1986 and 1996) who consumed contaminated mussels (Mytilus edulis). This led to more detailed consideration of the risks of PST outbreaks and incidents in Korea, including the introduction of shellfish collection bans. In this study, we investigated the relationships between A. catenella population dynamics and PST accumulation in the mussel M. galloprovincialis. Discharges from the Nakdong River affect the environmental conditions along the Geoje coast, resulting in low salinity and high nutrient levels that trigger blooms of A. catenella. At the toxin peak on 24 April 2017, the toxins detected in A. catenella cells were C1, gonyautoxin (GTX)1 and GTX2, whereas the concentrations of PSTs in M. galloprovincialis were high and in the order of GTX4 > GTX1 > GTX3 > saxitoxin (STX) > GTX2 > neoSTX > decarbamoylgonyautoxin (dcGTX)2 > dc GTX3. The PST level in mussels was also high. At 15 °C, the PSTs are constantly found to be higher (10-fold higher in 2017 and 30-fold higher in 2018) than safe levels for human consumption (80 μg STX diHCl equivalents 100 g−1).

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