Elastic and cost-effective data carrier architecture for smart contract in blockchain

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 590-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Liu ◽  
Khan Muhammad ◽  
Jaime Lloret ◽  
Yu-Wen Chen ◽  
Shyan-Ming Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Data Carrier

Proposing an Optimized Cost-Effective Data Carrier Mechanism for Smart Contracts and Transactions in Blockchain with ACO Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-587
Author(s):  
Parisa Sabbagh
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Carrier System ◽  
Optimal Cost ◽  
Event Logs ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Data Carrier ◽  
Carrier Mechanism

In this article, a new optimal cost-effective data carrier architecture for smart contracts in the blockchain-enabled IoT environment proposed. This method requires communication with external off-chain data. Three steps consist of this model such as Mission Manager, Task Publisher, and Worker which formulated with the ACO algorithm. Based on this method, some of the best solutions for filtering smart contract events and decoding event logs to fit different requirements are presented adequately. The proposed system is designed to minimize contract deployment costs and monitor contract events without subscribing to any filter at the Ethereum node. In the evaluation, we show that it will save about 21USD deployment costs for average by our data carrier system.

scholarly journals iBatch: saving Ethereum fees via secure and cost-effective batching of smart-contract invocations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yibo Wang ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Kai Li ◽  
Yuzhe Tang ◽  
Jiaqi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Smart Contract

scholarly journals Towards a Blockchain Contract-for-Difference Financial Instrument for Hedging Renewable Electricity Transactions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olakunle Alao ◽  
Paul Cuffe
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Financial Instruments ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Financial Instrument ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Expected Performance

Contract-for-Difference financial instruments are available to renewable electricity generators in day-ahead electricity markets to allow them to hedge against revenue risk. Traditional CfDs while designed to hedge revenue risk, introduce other new risks such as counterparty credit, margining and third-party risks. We therefore propose a novel financial instrument - an Ethereum blockchain-based dual escrow smart contract, to serve as the mediator in a CfD agreement between a renewable electricity generator and supplier. This financial instrument addresses hedging related risks that result from traditional CfD agreements in day-ahead electricity markets. In this paper, we design the logic of the financial instrument, translate this logic to smart contract codes and demonstrate its expected performance. Overall, the proposed financial instrument has the benefits of reducing hedging related risks inherent in traditional CfDs. Likewise, it enables secure, efficient, cost-effective, consistent, reliable, transparent and frictionless transactions between contracting parties in a CfD agreement.<br>

scholarly journals Towards a Blockchain Contract-for-Difference Financial Instrument for Hedging Renewable Electricity Transactions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olakunle Alao ◽  
Paul Cuffe
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Financial Instruments ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Financial Instrument ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Expected Performance

Contract-for-Difference financial instruments are available to renewable electricity generators in day-ahead electricity markets to allow them to hedge against revenue risk. Traditional CfDs while designed to hedge revenue risk, introduce other new risks such as counterparty credit, margining and third-party risks. We therefore propose a novel financial instrument - an Ethereum blockchain-based dual escrow smart contract, to serve as the mediator in a CfD agreement between a renewable electricity generator and supplier. This financial instrument addresses hedging related risks that result from traditional CfD agreements in day-ahead electricity markets. In this paper, we design the logic of the financial instrument, translate this logic to smart contract codes and demonstrate its expected performance. Overall, the proposed financial instrument has the benefits of reducing hedging related risks inherent in traditional CfDs. Likewise, it enables secure, efficient, cost-effective, consistent, reliable, transparent and frictionless transactions between contracting parties in a CfD agreement.<br>

scholarly journals Smart-Contract Aware Ethereum and Client-Fog-Cloud Healthcare System

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4093
Author(s):  
Abdullah Lakhan ◽  
Mazin Abed Mohammed ◽  
Ahmed N. Rashid ◽  
Seifedine Kadry ◽  
Thammarat Panityakul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current System ◽  
Scheduling Algorithm ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Data Consistency ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Collect Patient Data ◽  
Healthcare Application ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Earliest Finish Time

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is increasingly being used for healthcare purposes. IoMT enables many sensors to collect patient data from various locations and send it to a distributed hospital for further study. IoMT provides patients with a variety of paid programmes to help them keep track of their health problems. However, the current system services are expensive, and offloaded data in the healthcare network are insecure. The research develops a new, cost-effective and stable IoMT framework based on a blockchain-enabled fog cloud. The study aims to reduce the cost of healthcare application services as they are processing in the system. The study devises an IoMT system based on different algorithm techniques, such as Blockchain-Enable Smart-Contract Cost-Efficient Scheduling Algorithm Framework (BECSAF) schemes. Smart-Contract Blockchain schemes ensure data consistency and validation with symmetric cryptography. However, due to the different workflow tasks scheduled on other nodes, the heterogeneous, earliest finish, time-based scheduling deals with execution under their deadlines. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm schemes outperform all existing baseline approaches in terms of the implementation of applications.

Developing Cost-Effective Blockchain-Powered Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Abdullah A. Zarir ◽  
Gustavo A. Oliva ◽  
Zhen M. (Jack) Jiang ◽  
Ahmed E. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Gas System ◽  
Transaction Fees ◽  
Application Developers ◽  
Gas Price

Ethereum is a blockchain platform that hosts and executes smart contracts. Executing a function of a smart contract burns a certain amount of gas units (a.k.a., gas usage). The total gas usage depends on how much computing power is necessary to carry out the execution of the function. Ethereum follows a free-market policy for deciding the transaction fee for executing a transaction. More specifically, transaction issuers choose how much they are willing to pay for each unit of gas (a.k.a., gas price). The final transaction fee corresponds to the gas price times the gas usage. Miners process transactions to gain mining rewards, which come directly from these transaction fees. The flexibility and the inherent complexity of the gas system pose challenges to the development of blockchain-powered applications. Developers of blockchain-powered applications need to translate requests received in the frontend of their application into one or more smart contract transactions. Yet, it is unclear how developers should set the gas parameters of these transactions given that (i) miners are free to prioritize transactions whichever way they wish and (ii) the gas usage of a contract transaction is only known after the transaction is processed and included in a new block. In this article, we analyze the gas usage of Ethereum transactions that were processed between Oct. 2017 and Feb. 2019 (the Byzantium era). We discover that (i) most miners prioritize transactions based on their gas price only, (ii) 25% of the functions that received at least 10 transactions have an unstable gas usage (coefficient of variation = 19%), and (iii) a simple prediction model that operates on the recent gas usage of a function achieves an R-Squared of 0.76 and a median absolute percentage error of 3.3%. We conclude that (i) blockchain-powered application developers should be aware that transaction prioritization in Ethereum is frequently done based solely on the gas price of transactions (e.g., a higher transaction fee does not necessarily imply a higher transaction priority) and act accordingly and (ii) blockchain-powered application developers can leverage gas usage prediction models similar to ours to make more informed decisions to set the gas price of their transactions. Lastly, based on our findings, we list and discuss promising avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Towards a Blockchain Contract-for-Difference Financial Instrument for Hedging Renewable Electricity Transactions.pdf

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olakunle Alao ◽  
Paul Cuffe
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Financial Instruments ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Financial Instrument ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Expected Performance

Contract-for-Difference financial instruments are available to renewable electricity generators in day-ahead electricity markets to allow them to hedge against revenue risk. Traditional CfDs while designed to hedge revenue risk, introduce other new risks such as counterparty credit, margining and third-party risks. We therefore propose a novel financial instrument - an Ethereum blockchain-based dual escrow smart contract, to serve as the mediator in a CfD agreement between a renewable electricity generator and supplier. This financial instrument addresses hedging related risks that result from traditional CfD agreements in day-ahead electricity markets. In this paper, we design the logic of the financial instrument, translate this logic to smart contract codes and demonstrate its expected performance. Overall, the proposed financial instrument has the benefits of reducing hedging related risks inherent in traditional CfDs. Likewise, it enables secure, efficient, cost-effective, consistent, reliable, transparent and frictionless transactions between contracting parties in a CfD agreement.<br>

The application of electron microscopy to diagnosis in gynecologic neoplasms and tumor-like conditions

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 102-105
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Frozen Section ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Ultrastructural Examination ◽  
Specific Diagnosis ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Gynecologic Neoplasms

The female reproductive tract may be the site of a wide variety of benign and malignant tumors, as well as non-neoplastic tumor-like conditions, most of which can be diagnosed by light microscopic examination including special stains and more recently immunoperoxidase techniques. Nevertheless there are situations where ultrastructural examination can contribute substantially to an accurate and specific diagnosis. It is my opinion that electron microscopy can be of greatest benefit and is most cost effective when applied in conjunction with other methodologies. Thus, I have developed an approach which has proved useful for me and may have benefit for others. In cases where it is deemed of potential value, glutaraldehyde-fixed material is obtained at the time of frozen section or otherwise at operation. Coordination with the gynecologic oncologist is required in the latter situation. This material is processed and blocked and is available if a future need arises.

The IBM-PC in electron microscopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 612-613
Author(s):  
James F. Mancuso
Keyword(s):  
Head Start ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Financial Applications ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Instrument Control ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Training And Support ◽  
Control Image ◽  
Ibm Pc

IBM PC compatible computers are widely used in microscopy for applications ranging from control to image acquisition and analysis. The choice of IBM-PC based systems over competing computer platforms can be based on technical merit alone or on a number of factors relating to economics, availability of peripherals, management dictum, or simple personal preference.IBM-PC got a strong “head start” by first dominating clerical, document processing and financial applications. The use of these computers spilled into the laboratory where the DOS based IBM-PC replaced mini-computers. Compared to minicomputer, the PC provided a more for cost-effective platform for applications in numerical analysis, engineering and design, instrument control, image acquisition and image processing. In addition, the sitewide use of a common PC platform could reduce the cost of training and support services relative to cases where many different computer platforms were used. This could be especially true for the microscopists who must use computers in both the laboratory and the office.

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