Assessing relationships between tree diameter and long-term persistence of imidacloprid and olefin to optimize imidacloprid treatments on eastern hemlock

2016 ◽  
Vol 370 ◽  
pp. 12-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Benton ◽  
J.F. Grant ◽  
R. Cowles ◽  
J. Webster ◽  
R. Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Tree Diameter

Evaluating the influence of stem form and damage on individual-tree diameter increment and survival in the Acadian Region: implications for predicting future value of northern commercial hardwood stands

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1007-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Castle ◽  
Aaron Weiskittel ◽  
Robert Wagner ◽  
Mark Ducey ◽  
Jereme Frank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Future Value

Northern hardwood species display a variety of forms and defects that can reduce stem quality and complicate their timber management. However, for the most part, growth and yield models do not account for the influence of stem form and damage. This study determined the influence of stem form and damage on growth, survival, and projected future sawlog value among several northern commercial hardwood species. To accomplish this, hardwood trees on 112 permanent plots across three long-term research sites in Maine were assigned stem form and risk classes using a tree classification system developed in New Brunswick. A highly significant influence of stem form and risk on annualized individual-tree diameter increment and survival was found. Inclusion of these equations into a regional growth and yield model highlighted the importance of stem form and defects on long-term simulations as projected stand-level future value was significantly reduced by over 17%, on average (range of 13% to 28%), when compared with projections that did not include that tree-level information. The results highlight the importance of stem form and defects, as well as the need to account for them, in growth and yield applications that assess the forecasted value of commercially important hardwood stands.

Long-Term Impact of Aerial Application of 2,4,5-T to Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Michael
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Grass Stage ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
And Control

Twenty years after aerial application of 2.24 kg ae/ha of the butoxy ethanol ester of 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] to release grass stage longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings, stocking was the same for each of three treated and control 4-ha plots. Treated plots, however, had significantly greater tree diameter (10%), taller trees (17%), and more merchantable tree volume/ha (40%). Merchantable tree volume differences 20 yr after treatment represent an 8 yr growth advantage for treated plots.

Silviculture alters the genetic structure of an eastern hemlock forest in Maine, USA

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary J Hawley ◽  
Paul G Schaberg ◽  
Donald H DeHayes ◽  
John C Brissette
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Allelic Frequency ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Unique Gene ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Rare Alleles

We evaluated the influence of long-term silvicultural selection on the genetic structure of an eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) forest at the Penobscot Experimental Forest, in Maine, USA. Plots in this forest received one of the following three treatments: (1) selection cuts in which small and poorly formed trees were preferentially removed in 1957 and 1977; (2) diameter-limit cuts in which trees at least 24 cm in diameter were removed in 1952, 1973, and 1994; or (3) no harvesting (an unmanaged control). Because of an association between the occurrence of rare alleles and tree phenotypes, phenotypically based tree removals were associated with a shift in allelic frequency. Where smaller trees with inferior phenotypes were preferentially removed (selection cut), the number of rare alleles and estimates of future genetic potential were lower than in the control group. Because of the theoretical long-term evolutionary benefit of unique gene forms, the loss of rare alleles could diminish the potential of populations to adapt to and survive ongoing environmental change. In contrast, alleles that were rare in the control group existed at a higher frequency in the diameter-limit cut. However, productivity was low in this stand, where the frequency of characteristically rare alleles was artificially amplified.

Activity of Stem-Injected and Soil Applied Imidacloprid Against Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Great Smoky Mountains

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Joseph Doccola
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Adelges Tsugae ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Great Smoky Mountains ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
Smoky Mountains ◽  
Neonicotinoid Insecticide ◽  
Trunk Injection

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carrière) is an important component of the riparian ecosystem. Due to the widespread establishment of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand)(HWA) across the range of eastern hemlock, woodland trees may be infested for extended periods (years), resulting in their decline. Imidacloprid, a systemic neonicotinoid insecticide, may be used as a strategy in forested settings to manage HWA while more long-term solutions become established, such as biological controls. Symptoms of prolonged infestation include extensive dieback and thinned canopies. In this study, trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 24.7 ± 2.7 SD cm in poor condition were treated with imidacloprid. Trees were treated once by trunk-injection (IMA-jet) or by soil drench in the Greenbrier area of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, TN, USA. Changes in tree growth and HWA density were measured for 3 consecutive years. Imidacloprid-treated trees recovered, whereas the untreated trees declined. Imidacloprid treatments resulted in significantly higher 3-year mean percent growth (65.6% to 71.7% of tips) compared to the untreated controls (10.5% of tips). HWA density 3-year means in the imidacloprid-treated trees (0.10 to 1.09 per cm) likewise were statistically different to the untreated trees (2.72 per cm). The extended activity of imidacloprid-treated hemlock was attributed to storage in the symplast (xylem ray parenchyma) and to perennial needle retention. This study demonstrates that trunk-injection with IMA-jet is effective against HWA and comparable with soil drench to protect trees in the long term (≥ 4 years).

Long-Term Effects of Imidacloprid on Eastern Hemlock Canopy Arthropod Biodiversity in New England

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. NENHC-40-NENHC-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wing Yi Kung ◽  
Kelli Hoover ◽  
Richard Cowles ◽  
R. Talbot Trotter
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Arthropod Biodiversity

scholarly journals Experiments Are Revealing a Foundation Species: A Case Study of Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Energy Flux ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Ecosystem Processes ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Foundation Species ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Large Measure

Foundation species are species that create and define particular ecosystems; control in large measure the distribution and abundance of associated flora and fauna; and modulate core ecosystem processes, such as energy flux and biogeochemical cycles. However, whether a particular species plays a foundational role in a system is not simply asserted. Rather, it is a hypothesis to be tested, and such tests are best done with large-scale, long-term manipulative experiments. The utility of such experiments is illustrated through a review of the Harvard Forest Hemlock Removal Experiment (HF-HeRE), a multidecadal, multihectare experiment designed to test the foundational role of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, in eastern North American forests. Experimental removal of T. canadensis has revealed that after 10 years, this species has pronounced, long-term effects on associated flora and fauna, but shorter-term effects on energy flux and nutrient cycles. We hypothesize that on century-long scales, slower changes in soil microbial associates will further alter ecosystem processes in T. canadensis stands. HF-HeRE may indeed continue for >100 years, but at such time scales, episodic disturbances and changes in regional climate and land cover can be expected to interact in novel ways with these forests and their foundation species.

A 20-year experiment on the effects of deer and hare on eastern hemlock regeneration

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1329-1338
Author(s):  
William S. Alverson ◽  
Marian V. Lea ◽  
Donald M. Waller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Upper Peninsula Of Michigan ◽  
Slow Growing

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) is a shade-tolerant, slow-growing tree once common in forests across the Great Lakes region. It was heavily exploited in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and now experiences limited regeneration across much of its range. This failure to regenerate has been ascribed to poor seedbed conditions, insufficient canopy openings, warmer climate, and browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) or snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777). To test whether deer or hare limit hemlock regeneration, we studied >2000 hemlock seedlings inside and adjacent to experimental deer exclosures at 59 sites randomly distributed across hemlock and hemlock-component stands in northern Wisconsin and the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the United States. We monitored local deer and hare abundance, seedling growth, and seedling survival for 20 years. Two First Nations reservations showed lower deer density and greater survival and growth of unprotected seedlings than three national forests of the United States. Cohorts of hemlock seedlings protected from deer survived at a rate four times higher than those exposed to deer (59.3% vs. 15.0%) and shared a combined height 5.2 times greater. Hare densities significantly affected seedling survival only within exclosures. This extensive, long-term study identifies deer as the primary factor constraining hemlock regeneration in the region.

A comparison of thinning methods in red pine: consequences for stand-level growth and tree diameter

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Bradford ◽  
Brian J. Palik
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Quadratic Mean ◽  
Stand Growth ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Growth Increase

Long-term replicated experiments that contrast thinning method (dominant thinning, thinning from below) while controlling stocking level are rare. Stand growth and tree size responses to thinning method can be useful for making decisions to achieve desired objectives, whether these are timber or wildlife habitat related. We examined data from two long-term (>50 year old) silvicultural experiments in red pine to understand how alternative thinning prescriptions influence stand-level basal area, volume, and biomass growth, as well as quadratic mean tree diameter. We found that gross growth in stands treated with dominant thinning was often, although not always, greater than growth in stands treated with thinning from below. However, the differences in growth between thinning methods are smallest at stocking levels and stand ages typical for red pine management. We found that biomass growth increases with dominant thinning were generally less than basal area or volume growth increase. Furthermore, greater gross growth associated with dominant thinning versus thinning from below must be weighed against the significantly smaller average tree sizes that result from repeated dominant thinning.

scholarly journals Comparison of Methods to Reduce Sidewalk Damage from Tree Roots

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-183
Author(s):  
E. Thomas Smiley
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Platanus Acerifolia ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Plane Trees ◽  
Root Barriers ◽  
Root Barrier

Tree roots growing under sidewalks are known to crack or lift pavement often creating a tripping hazard for pedestrians. This experiment was conducted to determine the long-term effects of below- and alongside-pavement treatments on tree root development and sidewalk damage. London, U.K. plane trees (Platanus × acerifolia) were planted next to sidewalks at the Bartlett Tree Research Laboratory in Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S., in 1996. Treatments installed at the time of planting were: DeepRoot Universal Tree Root Barrier (UB18-2), vertical polyethylene sheet, gravel, Foamular® 150 extruded polystyrene, and a structural soil. The sidewalks and soil beneath them were removed in 2006. Minimal sidewalk lifting or cracking was associated with the DeepRoot barrier, gravel, and foam treatments. Vertical root barriers and foam resulted in fewer and deeper roots under the pavement. Treatments had no impact on tree diameter growth.

scholarly journals Treatment Strategies Using Imidacloprid in Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) Infested Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis Carrière) Trees

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Joseph Doccola ◽  
William Hascher ◽  
John Aiken ◽  
Peter Wild
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Adelges Tsugae ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Neonicotinoid Insecticide

Due to the widespread establishment of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) (HWA) across the range of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis Carriere), woodland trees may be infested for many years before treatment is made. Symptoms of prolonged infestation include extensive dieback and thinned canopies. Imidacloprid, a systemic neonicotinoid insecticide, is a useful and effective tool to manage HWA. In this study, mature, large diameter trees in poor condition were treated with imidacloprid. Trees were treated once by trunk and/or soil injection in Asheville, North Carolina, U.S. Following application, changes in tree growth, HWA density and imidacloprid residues were measured for three years. Trees treated with imidacloprid recovered, whereas the untreated trees continued to struggle. Trees injected with imidacloprid accumulated compound in the canopy, facilitating refoliation and the imidacloprid persisted for three years. This extended activity of trunk-injected imidacloprid was attributed in part to slow upward movement through the restrictive tracheid vascular system and to perennial needle retention. The imidacloprid soil injection was slower to act systemically, but has potential for longer-term activity. Researchers suggest the combination of tree and soil injection for immediate and long-term (4+ years) activity as an effective and economic strategy to protect high-value trees.

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