Fire suppression by low-volatile chemically active fire suppressants using aerosol technology

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 102-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.P. Korobeinichev ◽  
A.G. Shmakov ◽  
V.M. Shvartsberg ◽  
A.A. Chernov ◽  
S.A. Yakimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Fire Suppressants

scholarly journals Drone Swarms in Fire Suppression Activities: A Conceptual Framework

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Elena Ausonio ◽  
Patrizia Bagnerini ◽  
Marco Ghio
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Cellular Automata Model ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Fire Front ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Mediterranean Scrub ◽  
In Fire

The recent huge technological development of unmanned aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can provide breakthrough means of fighting wildland fires. We propose an innovative forest firefighting system based on the use of a swarm of hundreds of UAVs able to generate a continuous flow of extinguishing liquid on the fire front, simulating the effect of rain. Automatic battery replacement and extinguishing liquid refill ensure the continuity of the action. We illustrate the validity of the approach in Mediterranean scrub first computing the critical water flow rate according to the main factors involved in the evolution of a fire, then estimating the number of linear meters of active fire front that can be extinguished depending on the number of drones available and the amount of extinguishing fluid carried. A fire propagation cellular automata model is also employed to study the evolution of the fire. Simulation results suggest that the proposed system can provide the flow of water required to fight low-intensity and limited extent fires or to support current forest firefighting techniques.

scholarly journals Modeling the displacement of the soil thrower in extinguishing forest fires

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.В. Гааг
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Parallel Implementation ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
Ground Resistance ◽  
Dynamic Priority ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Range Of Functions

Применение грунта для противодействия лесным пожарам метанием фрезерными агрегатами перспективно, так как в лесах на сухих почвах, на равнине около кромки огня его имеется в большом объеме. Перспектива его применения требует автоматизации и совершенствования технологии грунтометов. Целью настоящей статьи является исследование модели перемещения грунтомета при тушении лесных пожаров, так как в основе модернизации его технологии лежит оценка динамических факторов. Методика исследования базируется на оценке влияния макросреды на работу грунтомета при тушении лесных пожаров, моделировании этого процесса на основе уравнений баланса сил и их моментов, а также численном расчете модели. Ключевым преимуществом грунтомета является параллельное выполнение спектра функций при активном тушении огня: торможение (ингибирование и засыпка огня грунтом), локализация (за счет борозды глубиной 15–30 см, с выемкой грунта) и дотушивание пожара (посредством полосы вдоль периметра пожара). Следует учесть, что случайный характер неоднородности почвы приведет к неустановившемуся режиму нагружения привода, появятся колебания частоты вращения и стохастические угловые ускорения. Фрезерование грунта при тушении пожара в отличие от землеройных машин требует высоких скоростей резания (vp > 20 м/с) и приоритет динамических факторов. Помимо этого, конструкция грунтомета обеспечивает малые значения коэффициента трения ножа фрезерной лопатки о грунт, так как происходит поперечное фрезерование почвы. Данные факторы определяют необходимость исследования модели перемещения грунтомета при значительных скоростях фрезы и регулирование вектора метания грунта на кромку огня. Результаты численного анализа модели перемещения грунтомета для создания полос при тушении пожаров на основе сил подачи и момента, действующих на фрезу в зависимости от режимов работы, сопротивления грунта резанию, кинематических параметров, свидетельствуют о спектре режимов работы грунтомета и формирования стружки почвогрунта, что позволяет оптимизировать режим работы и конструкцию грунтомета. The use of soil to counteract forest fires by throwing the milling units promising, as in the forests on dry soils, on the plains near the edge of the fire it is available in large volume. The purpose of this article is to study the patterns of movement of grundomat at suppression of forest fires due to the fact that the modernization of its technology is the assessment of dynamic factors. Research methodology is based on the evaluation of the influence of macro environment on the work of grundomat when fighting forest fires, the modeling of this process on the basis of balance equations of forces and moments, and a numerical model calculation. A key advantage of grundomat is a parallel implementation of the whole range of functions with the active fire suppression: inhibition (inhibition and backfilling of fire ground), localization (through the furrow to a depth of 15–30 cm, excavation) and drying fire (by means of a band around the perimeter of the fire). Note that the random nature of the heterogeneity of the soil will lead to transient loading conditions of the drive, there will be speed variations, and stochastic angular acceleration. Cutting during fire fighting, in contrast to earth-moving machinery requires high cutting speeds (vp > 20 m/s) and dynamic priority factors. In addition, the design provides grantomet small values of the coefficient of friction of the milling knife blades on the ground, as the transverse milling of the soil. These factors determine the need for the development of milling technology, with a significant speeds and a regulating vector of throwing soil on the edge of the fire. The results of numerical analysis of the model move grantomet to create lanes for fire extinguishing on the basis of forces of supply and moment acting on the mill depending on modes of ground resistance to cutting, kinematic parameters indicate a range of modes of grantomet and chip formation of soil, which allows to optimize the operation and design of grundomat.

A 560-Year Record of Santa Ana Fires Reconstructed from Charcoal Deposited in the Santa Barbara Basin, California

1999 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Mensing ◽  
Joel Michaelsen ◽  
Roger Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Fire History ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Fire Control ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Santa Barbara Basin ◽  
Santa Ana ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Large Fires

AbstractMicroscopic charcoal from varved Santa Barbara Basin sediments was used to reconstruct a 560-yr record (A.D. 1425 to 1985) of Santa Ana fires. Comparison of large (>3750 μm2) charcoal with documented fire records in the Santa Barbara Ranger District shows that high accumulations correspond to large fires (>20,000 ha) that occurred during Santa Ana conditions. The charcoal record reconstructed a minimum of 20 large fires in the Santa Barbara region during the study period. The average time between fires shows no distinct change across three different land use periods: the Chumash period, apparently characterized by frequent burning, the Spanish/Early American period with nominal fire control, and the 20th century with active fire suppression. Pollen data support the conclusion that the fire regime has not dramatically changed during the last 500 yr. Comparison of large charcoal particle accumulation rates and precipitation reconstructed from tree rings show a strong relationship between climate and fire history, with large fires consistently occurring at the end of wet periods and the beginning of droughts.

scholarly journals Fuel-Specific Aggregation of Active Fire Detections for Rapid Mapping of Forest Fire Perimeters in Mexico

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Carlos Ivan Briones-Herrera ◽  
Daniel José Vega-Nieva ◽  
Jaime Briseño-Reyes ◽  
Norma Angélica Monjarás-Vega ◽  
Pablito Marcelo López-Serrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Fire Monitoring ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Lack Of Information

Context and Background. Active fires have the potential to provide early estimates of fire perimeters, but there is a lack of information about the best active fire aggregation distances and how they can vary between fuel types, particularly in large areas of study under diverse climatic conditions. Objectives. The current study aimed at analyzing the effect of aggregation distances for mapping fire perimeters from active fires for contrasting fuel types and regions in Mexico. Materials and Methods. Detections of MODIS and VIIRS active fires from the period 2012–2018 were used to obtain perimeters of aggregated active fires (AGAF) at four aggregation distances (750, 1000, 1125, and 1500 m). AGAF perimeters were compared against MODIS MCD64A1 burned area for a total of 24 fuel types and regions covering all the forest area of Mexico. Results/findings. Optimum aggregation distances varied between fuel types and regions, with the longest aggregation distances observed for the most arid regions and fuel types dominated by shrubs and grasslands. Lowest aggregation distances were obtained in the regions and fuel types with the densest forest canopy and more humid climate. Purpose/Novelty. To our best knowledge, this study is the first to analyze the effect of fuel type on the optimum aggregation distance for mapping fire perimeters directly from aggregated active fires. The methodology presented here can be used operationally in Mexico and elsewhere, by accounting for fuel-specific aggregation distances, for improving rapid estimates of fire perimeters. These early fire perimeters could be potentially available in near-real time (at every satellite pass with a 12 h latency) in operational fire monitoring GIS systems to support rapid assessment of fire progression and fire suppression planning.

scholarly journals Effect of Water Spray in Controlling Temperature of Hot Gas Propagation through Double Skin Facade

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 04038
Author(s):  
Wolter Purba ◽  
Afiri Dianti ◽  
Jefri Sigalingging ◽  
Nadhira Gilang Ratnasari ◽  
Yulianto Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Heat Load ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Fire Event ◽  
Construction Design ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
Double Skin

The rapid development of science and technology have contributed in the applied building design. One of them is the improvement of the construction design of the building envelope. Current high-rise building design impacts in wider building envelop surface area and greater heat load received from the sun irradiation. One of the common used design is the doubleskin façade type building envelope. The insulation characteristic given by the envelope interlayer gap can reduce the heat load received. However, in fire cases, the gap becomes hot gasses path, supporting wider flame propagation. Its position in the outside leads to harder fire suppression effort. During this time, the active fire protection system design has just considering fire scenarios inside the building. This research is conducted to see water droplets impact as extinguisher aspect on interlayer gap hot gasses propagation. The experiment used wooden layer with 540 mm x 80 mm x 6 mm dimention as the envelope layer. The interlayer gap varies among others 30 mm, 50 mm, and 70 mm to see flame output characteristic through and time needed for 4 nozzles to extinguish the flame. The suppression system applied is expected to be a solution in the case of double-skin façade building envelope fire event.

scholarly journals Emergence of anthropogenic fire regimes in the southern boreal of Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Active Fire

While radiative forcing and thus land surface temperatures have been shown to positively correlate with fire severity, precipitation, and lightning strike frequency, the effects of human activity on fire regimes remain difficult to disentangle from geophysical drivers given co-variation between these factors. Here, I analyze fire regimes in the 1919-2012 period across Canada and compare national trends to those of a latitudinal and elevational gradient in a regionexperiencing exponentially increased anthropogenic activity in recent decades. Located along the Canadian Rocky Mountains, the region is intended to serve as a proxy for future continental conditions under current anthropogenic trajectories. Based on the findings, I argue that, for the first time in millennia, fire regimes in the southern boreal zone have shifted on average from large, lightning-caused fires to frequent, small, human-caused fires adjacent to human transportation corridors. While warming is known to produce more severe fuel conditions, human factors such as frequent fire ignitions, active fire suppression, industrial and recreational activity, and forestry (i.e., stand aging) likely explain the reduction in mean fire size and annual area burned. Here, I provide the first evidence of a southern boreal transition to Anthropocene fire regimes without historical analogue, representing a dramatic departure from the conditions in which these forests evolved. With ~28 Pg carbon stored in Canada’s managed forests and interspecific variation in albedo, these novel fire regimes carry direct implications for the Earth’s climate system.

scholarly journals A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Fire Suppression

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadmahdi Ghiji ◽  
Vasily Novozhilov ◽  
Khalid Moinuddin ◽  
Paul Joseph ◽  
Ian Burch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Water Mist ◽  
Fire Control ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Future Improvement ◽  
Flaming Combustion ◽  
Power And Energy

Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are a proven technology for energy storage systems, mobile electronics, power tools, aerospace, automotive and maritime applications. LiBs have attracted interest from academia and industry due to their high power and energy densities compared to other battery technologies. Despite the extensive usage of LiBs, there is a substantial fire risk associated with their use which is a concern, especially when utilised in electric vehicles, aeroplanes, and submarines. This review presents LiB hazards, techniques for mitigating risks, the suppression of LiB fires and identification of shortcomings for future improvement. Water is identified as an efficient cooling and suppressing agent and water mist is considered the most promising technique to extinguish LiB fires. In the initial stages, the present review covers some relevant information regarding the material constitution and configuration of the cell assemblies, and phenomenological evolution of the thermal runaway reactions, which in turn can potentially lead to flaming combustion of cells and battery assemblies. This is followed by short descriptions of various active fire control agents to suppress fires involving LiBs in general, and water as a superior extinguishing medium in particular. In the latter parts of the review, the phenomena associated with water mist suppression of LiB fires are comprehensively reviewed.

scholarly journals The Method of Force of Fire in High-Rise Building by Guide to the Fire Safety Concepts Tree: Focusing on Manually Fire Suppression Strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Seong-Ju Oh ◽  
Ha-Sung Kong
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Fire Occurrence ◽  
Communication Signals ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Fire Suppressants ◽  
Suppression Strategy ◽  
Supply Time ◽  
Do So

This study analyzes the issue of the supply of force of fire in the high-rise buildings, and proposes an efficient method to do so. The results are as follows. First, in terms of Detect fire, it is necessary to shorten force of fire supply time by diversifying fire alarms such as alarms, vibrations, and voices from outside, clarification of fire occurrence points, and marking of fire. Second, with regard to communication signals, strengthening the installation target of wireless communication auxiliary facilities, supplementing the installation of repeaters, and constructing a multicommunications network were proposed. Third, in terms of Decide action, it is necessary to supply firefighter and firefighting equipment with the method of crossing of a river in adjacent buildings. Fourth, in terms of Respond to site, helicopters and emergency elevators are used to assist in the supply of firefighting equipment using drones. Easy-to-break glass windows and identification marks are required in every floor. Finally, in terms of applying fire suppressants, water can be supplied by means of a helicopter adjacent to the structure.

scholarly journals Calculation of Critical Water Flow Rates for Wildfire Suppression

Fire ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Penney ◽  
Daryoush Habibi ◽  
Marcus Cattani ◽  
Murray Carter
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Water Suppression ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Forest Fuels ◽  
Fire Engineering ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Direct Head ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wildfire Suppression

Predicting water suppression requirements and its impacts on firefighting strategies and logistics within the urban environment has been the subject of many previous studies, however the same level of research has yet to be applied in the realm of wildfire suppression. To work towards addressing this knowledge gap, this paper provides guidance for Incident Controllers in relation to critical water flow rates required to extinguish large wildfire across a wide range of forest fuel loads, fire weather and active fire front depths. This is achieved through mathematical empirical analysis of water flow rates required for head fire suppression during 540 simulated wildfires in forest vegetation. This research applies a fire engineering approach to wildfire suppression logistics and deterministically assess the suitability of appliance and aircraft based head fire suppression. The results highlight the limitations of offensive wildfire suppression involving direct head fire attacks by appliances once wildfires attain a quasi-steady state in forest fuels.

Fire extinguishing efficiency of perfluoro-isohexenes

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Павел Сергеевич Копылов
Keyword(s):  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Flammability Limits ◽  
Gaseous Mixtures ◽  
Atmospheric Lifetime ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Fire Suppressants ◽  
High Boiling Point ◽  
Better Than

Показана нехватка современных веществ для газового пожаротушения, вызванная борьбой с глобальным потеплением. Описаны подходы к поиску перспективных газовых огнетушащих веществ (ГОТВ), применявшиеся ранее. Предложен новый подход и найдены с его помощью принципиально новые огнетушащие вещества, полностью удовлетворяющие современным экологическим и токсикологическим требованиям. The paper is devoted to investigation of perfluoro-isohexenes as new gaseous fire suppressants. The current situation in the field of fire protection with chemically active gases is analyzed. The problem of greenhouse gases replacement during fire suppression is discussed. The disadvantage of existing alternative agents is short atmospheric lifetime. It is also shown that the existing approach to development of new gaseous fire extinguishing substances is almost exhausted. New group of gaseous agents for fire suppression - perfluoro-isohexenes - is proposed based on new approach. These substances are non-toxic and have very short atmospheric lifetime. Two types of experimental equipment were used in this work to investigate properties of aforesaid substances as extinguishing agents. It was implemented to determine flammability limits of gaseous mixtures and fire extinguishing concentration of gaseous fire suppressants having high boiling point. It was shown that perfluoro-isohexenes are non-flammable and their extinguishing properties are substantially better than properties of the nearest equivalent - perfuoroethyl-isopropylketone. These results are discussed from the point of view of the features of transformation of considered fire extinguishing substances in a flame.

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