Minimum effective drug concentrations of a transdermal patch system containing procyclidine and physostigmine for prophylaxis against soman poisoning in rhesus monkeys

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Cho ◽  
Wang-Soo Kim ◽  
Gyeung-Haeng Hur ◽  
Yeon-Cheol Ha
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Effective Drug ◽  
Transdermal Patch ◽  
Drug Concentrations

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 2949-2954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca S. Malone ◽  
Douglas N. Fish ◽  
Edward Abraham ◽  
Isaac Teitelbaum
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Renal Replacement Therapy ◽  
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Effective Drug ◽  
Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration ◽  
Drug Concentrations

ABSTRACT The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were studied in intensive care unit patients during continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH; four patients received levofloxacin, and five received ciprofloxacin) or hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF; six patients received levofloxacin, and five received ciprofloxacin). Levofloxacin clearance was substantially increased during both CVVH and CVVHDF, while ciprofloxacin clearance was affected less. The results of this study suggest that doses of levofloxacin of 250 mg/day and ciprofloxacin of 400 mg/day are sufficient to maintain effective drug concentrations in the plasma of patients undergoing CVVH or CVVHDF.

scholarly journals Transdermal patch containing physostigmine and procyclidine protects rhesus monkeys against VX intoxication

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Jo Song
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agent ◽  
Transdermal Patch ◽  
Dose Selection ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Male Rhesus

ABSTRACTVX is an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor known as a chemical warfare agent. This study was designed 1) to determine the acute toxicity of VX in male rhesus monkeys by subcutaneous administration, 2) to evaluate the efficacy of a transdermal patch containing physostigmine and procyclidine. The median lethal dose (LD50) of the subcutaneous injection of VX was 15.409 ug/kg, which was calculated using the up-and-down dose selection procedure based on deaths occurring within 48 h. To test the efficacy of the transdermal patch, rhesus monkeys were treated with a patch (5×5 cm2) alone or in combination with post-exposure therapy comprising atropine plus 2-pralidoxime (2-PAM), and then administered subcutaneous injection of VX at various doses. The rhesus monkeys pretreated with the patch alone were 100% protected against 1.5×LD50 of VX, while the rhesus monkeys treated with the patch, atropine, and 2-PAM were 100% protected against 50×LD50 of VX. This study demonstrated that patch pretreatment in conjunction with atropine and 2-PAM treatment is an effective regimen against high doses of VX.

scholarly journals Polymer Optical Waveguide Grating-Based Biosensor to Detect Effective Drug Concentrations of Ginkgolide A for Inhibition of PMVEC Apoptosis

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Chunxue Wang ◽  
Pengfei Yi ◽  
Jiang Li ◽  
Haibing Dong ◽  
Changming Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Core Layer ◽  
Optical Biosensor ◽  
Effective Drug ◽  
Microvascular Endothelial Cell ◽  
Waveguide Grating ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Photosensitive Polymer ◽  
Ginkgolide A ◽  
Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cell ◽  
Writing Technology

In this work, we successfully developed a fluorinated cross-linked polymer Bragg waveguide grating-based optical biosensor to detect effective drug concentrations of ginkgolide A for the inhibition of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (PMVEC) apoptosis. Fluorinated photosensitive polymer SU-8 (FSU-8) as the sensing core layer and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as the sensing window cladding were synthesized. The effective drug concentration range (5–10 µg/mL) of ginkgolide A for inhibition of PMVEC apoptosis was analyzed and obtained by pharmacological studies. The structure of the device was optimized to be designed and fabricated by direct UV writing technology. The properties of the biosensor were simulated with various refractive indices of different drug concentrations. The actual sensitivity of the biosensor was measured as 1606.2 nm/RIU. The resolution and detection limit were characterized as 0.05 nm and 3 × 10−5 RIU, respectively. The technique is suitable for safe and accurate detection of effective organic drug dosages of Chinese herbal ingredients.

scholarly journals Determining effective drug concentrations for selection and counterselection genetics in Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 100783
Author(s):  
Nick Matinyan ◽  
Yezabel Gonzalez ◽  
Herman A. Dierick ◽  
Koen J.T. Venken
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Effective Drug ◽  
Drug Concentrations

scholarly journals Modulation of the blood-tumor barrier to enhance drug delivery and efficacy for brain metastases

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_5) ◽  
pp. v133-v143
Author(s):  
Kathryn E Blethen ◽  
Tasneem A Arsiwala ◽  
Ross A Fladeland ◽  
Samuel A Sprowls ◽  
Dhruvi M Panchal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Effective Drug ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Metastatic Brain Tumors ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The blood-brain barrier is the selectively permeable vasculature of the brain vital for maintaining homeostasis and neurological function. Low permeability is beneficial in the presence of toxins and pathogens in the blood. However, in the presence of metastatic brain tumors, it is a challenge for drug delivery. Although the blood-tumor barrier is slightly leaky, it still is not permissive enough to allow the accumulation of therapeutic drug concentrations in brain metastases. Herein, we discuss the differences between primary brain tumors and metastatic brain tumors vasculature, effects of therapeutics on the blood-tumor barrier, and characteristics to be manipulated for more effective drug delivery.

The Growth of Herpesvirus mulatto in Human Fibroblast

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 244-245
Author(s):  
Glennelle Washington ◽  
Philip P. McGrath ◽  
Peter R. Graze ◽  
Ivor Royston
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Human Fibroblast ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Specific Antisera ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leucocytes

Herpes-like viruses were isolated from rhesus monkey peripheral blood leucocytes when co-cultivated with WI-38 cells. The virus was originally designated rhesus leucocyte-associated herpesvirus (LAHV) and subsequently called Herpesvirus mulatta (HVM). The original isolations were from juvenile rhesus monkeys shown to be free of antibody to rhesus cytomegalic virus. The virus could only be propagated in human or simian fibroblasts. Use of specific antisera developed from HVM showed no relationship between this virus and other herpesviruses. An electron microscopic study was undertaken to determine the morphology of Herpesvirus mulatta (HVM) in infected human fibroblasts.

Nucleolar Segregation and Chronic Methanol Intoxication

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 360-361
Author(s):  
Julio H. Garcia ◽  
Janice P. Van Zandt
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Methyl Alcohol ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Methanol Intoxication ◽  
Intragastric Tube ◽  
Nucleolar Segregation

Repeated administration of methyl alcohol to Rhesus monkeys (Maccaca mulata) by intragastric tube resulted in ultrastructural abnormalities of hepatocytes, which persisted in one animal twelve weeks after discontinuation of the methyl alcohol regime. With dosages ranging between 3.0 to 6.0 gms. of methanol per kg. of body weight, the serum levels attained within a few hours averaged approximately 475 mg. per cent.

Evaluation of hippocampus in rhesus monkeys after chronic (1-year) inhalation exposure to marijuana: I. Electron microscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-399
Author(s):  
A.M. Andrews ◽  
S.W. Wilson ◽  
A.C. Scallet ◽  
S.F. Ali ◽  
J. Bailey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Synaptic Cleft ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Withdrawal Time ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Ultrastructural Evidence ◽  
Male Rhesus

Exposure of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to marijuana via inhalation or to intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), reportedly caused ultrastructural evidence of increased synaptic width. Chronic marijuana smoke in a single rhesus monkey examined after a six month withdrawal time caused ultrastructure changes in the septal, hippocampal and amygdala regions; the synaptic cleft was widened, electron opaque material was found in the cleft and in the pre- and postsynaptic regions, with some clumping of the synaptic vesicles. The objective of our study was to assess neuropathological alterations produced by chronic inhalation of marijuana smoke.Nineteen male rhesus monkeys, 3-5 years of age and weighing 3-8 kg, were divided into four treatment groups: a) sham control, b) placebo smoke (7 days/ week) c) low dose marijuana (2 times/week with 5 days/week sham) and d) high dose marijuana (7 times/week). A smoke exposure consisted of smoke from one cigarette (2.6% THC) burned down to 10 mm butt length. Smoke was administered via smoke generator (ADL II, Arthur D. Little, Inc. Cambridge, MA) and nose-mouth only masks (local production) equipped with one-way valves.

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