Cognitive processes supporting episodic memory formation in childhood: The role of source memory, binding, and executive functioning

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinaya Raj ◽  
Martha Ann Bell
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Memory Binding

scholarly journals The role of microRNAs in learning and long-term memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 885-896
Author(s):  
L. N. Grinkevich
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Microrna Biogenesis ◽  
The Brain

The mechanisms of long-term memory formation and ways to improve it (in the case of its impairment) remain an extremely difficult problem yet to be solved. Over the recent years, much attention has been paid to microRNAs in this regard. MicroRNAs are unique endogenous non-coding RNAs about 22 nucleotides in length; each can regulate translation of hundreds of messenger RNA targets, thereby controlling entire gene networks. MicroRNAs are widely represented in the central nervous system. A large number of studies are currently being conducted to investigate the role of microRNAs in the brain functioning. A number of microRNAs have been shown to be involved in the process of synaptic plasticity, as well as in the long-term memory formation. Disruption of microRNA biogenesis leads to significant cognitive dysfunctions. Moreover, impaired microRNA biogenesis is one of the causes of the pathogenesis of mental disorders, neurodegenerative illnesses and senile dementia, which are often accompanied by deterioration in the learning ability and by memory impairment. Optimistic predictions are made that microRNAs can be used as targets for therapeutic treatment and for diagnosing the above pathologies. The importance of applications related to microRNAs significantly raises interest in studying their functions in the brain. Thus, this review is focused on the role of microRNAs in cognitive processes. It describes microRNA biogenesis and the role of miRNAs in the regulation of gene expression, as well as the latest achievements in studying the functional role of microRNAs in learning and in long-term memory formation, depending on the activation or inhibition of their expression. The review presents summarized data on the effect of impaired microRNA biogenesis on long-term memory formation, including those associated with sleep deprivation. In addition, analysis is provided of the current literature related to the prospects of improving cognitive processes by influencing microRNA biogenesis via the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies and active mental and physical exercises.

Working memory binding and episodic memory formation in aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s dementia

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 538-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie van Geldorp ◽  
Sophie M. Heringa ◽  
Esther van den Berg ◽  
Marcel G. M. Olde Rikkert ◽  
Geert Jan Biessels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Alzheimer’S Dementia ◽  
Alzheimer's Dementia ◽  
Memory Binding

scholarly journals What is the role of episodic foresight in planning for future needs? Theory and two experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1961-1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy G Cheke ◽  
Nicola S Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Motivational State ◽  
State Planning ◽  
Memory Ability ◽  
Episodic Foresight ◽  
Motivational States ◽  
Future State ◽  
Future Needs

Considerable evidence suggests that episodic memory and foresight rely on the same underlying cognitive processes. Some theorists have suggested that the key role of episodic foresight is to allow an individual to disengage from current states to plan for future needs. However, the contribution of episodic cognition to this type of planning has not been investigated. We present two experiments exploring future-state planning in 3-6-year-old children and healthy young adults, finding that both groups were consistently biased towards current states. We further found that there were few relationships between episodic memory ability and future-state planning. Where there was a relationship, the degree of bias was positively related to episodic memory ability, such that those with better episodic were more biased by their current motivational state. These findings are consistent with previous research suggesting that episodic cognition is particularly vulnerable to bias from current feelings. We propose an account in which episodic cognition allows for cross-talk between current and future motivational states, and that while this can aid prospective decision-making in some scenarios, it may hinder it in others.

Everyday-like memory for objects in ageing and Alzheimer's disease assessed in a visually complex environment: The role of executive functioning and episodic memory

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Sauzéon ◽  
Bernard N'Kaoua ◽  
Prashant Arvind Pala ◽  
Mathieu Taillade ◽  
Sophie Auriacombe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Complex Environment

scholarly journals Context and Time Matter: Effects of Emotion and Motivation on Episodic Memory Overtime

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Sun ◽  
Simeng Gu ◽  
Jiongjiong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Matter Effects ◽  
Contextual Features ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Reward And Punishment

Previous studies have shown that compared with neutral cues, stimuli with positive and negative/stressful contexts or reward and punishment cues are remembered better. However, it is unclear whether the enhanced effect differs in emotion or motivation dimensions and the passage of time. We addressed these issues by manipulating different contextual cues for neutral words at different time intervals. In experiment 1, subjects were asked to learn words with picture contexts in positive, negative/stressful, and neutral valences and were tested by old/new word recognition and contextual judgment 10 min, 1 day, and 1 week later. In experiment 2, the reward and punishment motivations were manipulated by monetary cues during learning. Word recognition and contextual judgment were assessed 10 min, 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after the study. Compared with negative and punishment conditions, the words in positive and reward contexts were recognized better at shorter intervals, which was associated with recollection process. In contrast, the words in negative and punishment contexts were recognized better at longer intervals, which was mainly associated with familiarity process. These results clarified how different dimensions of emotional and motivational contexts influence memory at short and long intervals and highlighted the role of contextual features in memory formation and consolidation.

scholarly journals Hippocampal-medial prefrontal event segmentation and integration contribute to episodic memory formation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Yingjie Shi ◽  
James N Cousins ◽  
Nils Kohn ◽  
Guillen Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Connectivity Pattern ◽  
Activation Pattern ◽  
Sequential Order ◽  
Event Segmentation ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Pattern Similarity ◽  
Connectivity Patterns

How do we encode our continuous life experiences for later retrieval? Theories of event segmentation and integration suggest that the hippocampus binds separately represented events into an ordered narrative. Using an open-access functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) movie watching-recall dataset, we quantified two types of neural similarities (i.e., activation pattern similarity and within-region voxel-based connectivity pattern similarity) between separate events during movie watching and related them to subsequent retrieval of events as well as retrieval of sequential order. We demonstrate that distinct activation patterns of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex form event memories. By contrast, similar within-region connectivity patterns between events facilitate memory formation and are relevant for the retention of events in the correct sequential order. We applied the same approaches to an independent movie watching fMRI dataset and replicational analyses highlighted again the role of hippocampal activation pattern and connectivity pattern in memory formation. We propose that distinct activation patterns represent neural segmentation of events while similar connectivity patterns encode context information, and therefore integrate events into a narrative. Our results provide novel evidence for the role of hippocampal-medial prefrontal event segmentation and integration in episodic memory formation of real-life experience.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

Positive Arousal Enhances the Consolidation of Item Memory

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Learning Phase ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Immediate Memory

Emotional arousal induced after learning has been shown to modulate memory consolidation. However, it is unclear whether the effect of postlearning arousal can extend to different aspects of memory. This study examined the effect of postlearning positive arousal on both item memory and source memory. Participants learned a list of neutral words and took an immediate memory test. Then they watched a positive or a neutral videoclip and took delayed memory tests after either 25 minutes or 1 week had elapsed after the learning phase. In both delay conditions, positive arousal enhanced consolidation of item memory as measured by overall recognition. Furthermore, positive arousal enhanced consolidation of familiarity but not recollection. However, positive arousal appeared to have no effect on consolidation of source memory. These findings have implications for building theoretical models of the effect of emotional arousal on consolidation of episodic memory and for applying postlearning emotional arousal as a technique of memory intervention.

The role of social and cognitive processes in children's adjustment to community violence.

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Kliewer ◽  
Stephen J. Lepore ◽  
Deborah Oskin ◽  
Patricia D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Community Violence ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Children's Adjustment ◽  
Children’S Adjustment
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