scholarly journals Mechanical Forces Program the Orientation of Cell Division during Airway Tube Morphogenesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-325.e5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zan Tang ◽  
Yucheng Hu ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
Kewu Jiang ◽  
Cheng Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Airway Tube ◽  
Tube Morphogenesis

scholarly journals Phase Separation and Mechanical Forces in Regulating Asymmetric Cell Division of Neural Stem Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10267
Author(s):  
Yiqing Zhang ◽  
Heyang Wei ◽  
Wenyu Wen
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Phase Separation ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Stem Cell Population ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Asymmetrically Distributed

Asymmetric cell division (ACD) of neural stem cells and progenitors not only renews the stem cell population but also ensures the normal development of the nervous system, producing various types of neurons with different shapes and functions in the brain. One major mechanism to achieve ACD is the asymmetric localization and uneven segregation of intracellular proteins and organelles into sibling cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) provides a potential mechanism for the formation of membrane-less biomolecular condensates that are asymmetrically distributed on limited membrane regions. Moreover, mechanical forces have emerged as pivotal regulators of asymmetric neural stem cell division by generating sibling cell size asymmetry. In this review, we will summarize recent discoveries of ACD mechanisms driven by LLPS and mechanical forces.

Computer modelling of cell division during development using a topological approach

Development ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 83 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 233-259
Author(s):  
Robert Ransom ◽  
Raymond J. Matela
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Sorting ◽  
Computer Modelling ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Topological Approach ◽  
Model Cell ◽  
Computer Representation ◽  
The Relationship

Development in multicellular animals consists of a constant progression of cell division, differentiation and morphogenesis. Our understanding of the relationship between division and the acquisition of shape and form is not well understood, and this paper describes a computer representation of cell division processes with possible applications to the modelling of developmental events. This representation is not itself a model in the true sense, but is a scaffolding onto which a set of model assumptions and parameters can be built. We discuss one such set of assumptions, used to model cell sorting, describe the extension of the framework to represent sheets of cells in three dimensions, and make some observations on the incorporation of mechanical forces into the representation.

scholarly journals Anillin propels myosin-independent constriction of actin rings

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ondřej Kučera ◽  
Valerie Siahaan ◽  
Daniel Janda ◽  
Sietske H. Dijkstra ◽  
Eliška Pilátová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Molecular Motors ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Actin Networks ◽  
Essential Step ◽  
Circular Structure ◽  
Ring Constriction ◽  
Contractile Forces ◽  
Actin Rings

AbstractConstriction of the cytokinetic ring, a circular structure of actin filaments, is an essential step during cell division. Mechanical forces driving the constriction are attributed to myosin motor proteins, which slide actin filaments along each other. However, in multiple organisms, ring constriction has been reported to be myosin independent. How actin rings constrict in the absence of motor activity remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that anillin, a non­motor actin crosslinker, indispensable during cytokinesis, autonomously propels the contractility of actin bundles. Anillin generates contractile forces of tens of pico-Newtons to maximise the lengths of overlaps between bundled actin filaments. The contractility is enhanced by actin disassembly. When multiple actin filaments are arranged into a ring, this contractility leads to ring constriction. Our results indicate that passive actin crosslinkers can substitute for the activity of molecular motors to generate contractile forces in a variety of actin networks, including the cytokinetic ring.

scholarly journals Mechanical stress compromises multicomponent efflux complexes in bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (51) ◽  
pp. 25462-25467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren A. Genova ◽  
Melanie F. Roberts ◽  
Yu-Chern Wong ◽  
Christine E. Harper ◽  
Ace George Santiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Hydrostatic Stress ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
Membrane Components

Physical forces have a profound effect on growth, morphology, locomotion, and survival of organisms. At the level of individual cells, the role of mechanical forces is well recognized in eukaryotic physiology, but much less is known about prokaryotic organisms. Recent findings suggest an effect of physical forces on bacterial shape, cell division, motility, virulence, and biofilm initiation, but it remains unclear how mechanical forces applied to a bacterium are translated at the molecular level. In Gram-negative bacteria, multicomponent protein complexes can form rigid links across the cell envelope and are therefore subject to physical forces experienced by the cell. Here we manipulate tensile and shear mechanical stress in the bacterial cell envelope and use single-molecule tracking to show that octahedral shear (but not hydrostatic) stress within the cell envelope promotes disassembly of the tripartite efflux complex CusCBA, a system used byEscherichia colito resist copper and silver toxicity. By promoting disassembly of this protein complex, mechanical forces within the cell envelope make the bacteria more susceptible to metal toxicity. These findings demonstrate that mechanical forces can inhibit the function of cell envelope protein assemblies in bacteria and suggest the possibility that other multicomponent, transenvelope efflux complexes may be sensitive to mechanical forces including complexes involved in antibiotic resistance, cell division, and translocation of outer membrane components. By modulating the function of proteins within the cell envelope, mechanical stress has the potential to regulate multiple processes required for bacterial survival and growth.

Dynamic Manipulation and Precision Localization of Nanoparticles Internal to Cells

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Tseng ◽  
Jack W. Judy ◽  
Dino Di Carlo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Spatial Localization ◽  
Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
External Magnet

Spatial localization of signals is commonplace within cells and allows for a variety of integral biological processes, including cell migration and polarization in development, neural synapse strengthening in learning, and correct cell division to avoid cancer development and progression. Despite the importance, few general tools have been developed to understand and probe spatial localization. We present a technique that translates the centimeter scale motions of an external magnet into nanometer scale motions of superparamagnetic nanoparticles internalized within cells growing on specially patterned “nano-active” substrates. In this way, localization of mechanical forces, or localization of nanoparticle-bound biomolecules can be controlled in real time.

scholarly journals Uniaxial loading induces a scalable switch in cortical actomyosin flow polarization and reveals mechanosensitive regulation of cytokinesis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepika Singh ◽  
Devang Odedra ◽  
Christian Pohl
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Rotational Flow ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Longitudinal Flow ◽  
Contractile Ring ◽  
Animal Development ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Cortical Fibers

AbstractDuring animal development, it is crucial that cells can sense and adapt to mechanical forces from their environment. Ultimately, these forces are transduced through the actomyosin cortex. How the cortex can simultaneously respond to and create forces during cytokinesis is not well understood. Here we show that under mechanical stress, cortical actomyosin flow switches its polarization during cytokinesis in the C. elegans embryo. In unstressed embryos, longitudinal cortical flows contribute to contractile ring formation, while rotational cortical flow is additionally induced in uniaxially loaded embryos. Rotational cortical flow is required for the redistribution of the actomyosin cortex in loaded embryos. Rupture of longitudinally aligned cortical fibers during cortex rotation releases tension, initiates orthogonal longitudinal flow and thereby contributes to furrowing in loaded embryos. A targeted screen for factors required for rotational flow revealed that actomyosin regulators involved in RhoA regulation, cortical polarity and chirality are all required for rotational flow and become essential for cytokinesis under mechanical stress. In sum, our findings extend the current framework of mechanical stress response during cell division and show scaling of orthogonal cortical flows to the amount of mechanical stress.

scholarly journals Hoxb1b controls oriented cell division, cell shape and microtubule dynamics in neural tube morphogenesis

Development ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zigman ◽  
N. Laumann-Lipp ◽  
T. Titus ◽  
J. Postlethwait ◽  
C. B. Moens
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Microtubule Dynamics ◽  
Oriented Cell Division ◽  
Division Cell ◽  
Tube Morphogenesis

scholarly journals Physical mechanisms of ESCRT-III-driven cell division in archaea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Harker-Kirschneck ◽  
A. E. Hafner ◽  
T. Yao ◽  
A. Pulschen ◽  
F. Hurtig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Physical Mechanism ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Protein Assemblies ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Equilibrium Processes ◽  
Division Cell ◽  
Structural Simplicity

AbstractLiving systems propagate by undergoing rounds of cell growth and division. Cell division is at heart a physical process that requires mechanical forces, usually exerted by protein assemblies. Here we developed the first physical model for the division of archaeal cells, which despite their structural simplicity share machinery and evolutionary origins with eukaryotes. We show how active geometry changes of elastic ESCRT-III filaments, coupled to filament disassembly, are sufficient to efficiently split the cell. We explore how the non-equilibrium processes that govern the filament behaviour impact the resulting cell division. We show how a quantitative comparison between our simulations and dynamic data for ESCRTIII-mediated division in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, the closest archaeal relative to eukaryotic cells that can currently be cultured in the lab, and reveal the most likely physical mechanism behind its division.

scholarly journals The mechanics of microtubule networks in cell division

2017 ◽  
Vol 216 (6) ◽  
pp. 1525-1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Forth ◽  
Tarun M. Kapoor
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Force Generation ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Microtubule Networks ◽  
Spindle Function

The primary goal of a dividing somatic cell is to accurately and equally segregate its genome into two new daughter cells. In eukaryotes, this process is performed by a self-organized structure called the mitotic spindle. It has long been appreciated that mechanical forces must be applied to chromosomes. At the same time, the network of microtubules in the spindle must be able to apply and sustain large forces to maintain spindle integrity. Here we consider recent efforts to measure forces generated within microtubule networks by ensembles of key proteins. New findings, such as length-dependent force generation, protein clustering by asymmetric friction, and entropic expansion forces will help advance models of force generation needed for spindle function and maintaining integrity.

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