Structural encoding processes contribute to individual differences in face and object cognition: Inferences from psychometric test performance and event-related brain potentials

Cortex ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 192-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadiseh Nowparast Rostami ◽  
Werner Sommer ◽  
Changsong Zhou ◽  
Oliver Wilhelm ◽  
Andrea Hildebrandt
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Psychometric Test ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Object Cognition

Individual differences in arithmetic skill reflected in event-related brain potentials

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Isabel Núñez-Peña ◽  
María Gracia-Bafalluy ◽  
Elisabet Tubau
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Arithmetic Skill

scholarly journals Sex-specific relationships between face memory and the N170 component in event-related potentials

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-597
Author(s):  
Hadiseh Nowparast Rostami ◽  
Andrea Hildebrandt ◽  
Werner Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Face Memory ◽  
N170 Component ◽  
Statistical Dependency ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
And Performance

Abstract At the group level, women consistently perform better in face memory tasks than men and also show earlier and larger N170 components of event-related brain potentials (ERP), considered to indicate perceptual structural encoding of faces. Here we investigated sex differences in the relationship between the N170 and face memory performance in 152 men and 141 women at group mean and individual differences levels. ERPs and performance were measured in separate tasks, avoiding statistical dependency between the two. We confirmed previous findings about superior face memory in women and a—sex-independent—negative relationship between N170 latency and face memory. However, whereas in men, better face memory was related to larger N170 components, face memory in women was unrelated with the amplitude or latency of the N170. These data provide solid evidence that individual differences in face memory within men are at least partially related to more intense structural face encoding.

Age, Information Processing Speed, and Intelligence

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 741-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Rabbitt ◽  
Louise Goward
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
General Ability ◽  
Iq Test ◽  
Independent Effects

Two parallel, but independent, literatures have grown out of observations that individual differences in information processing speed, as expressed in performance on choice reaction time (C RT) tasks, modestly correlate with individual differences in age and IQ test performance. These associations have prompted theories that individual differences in information processing speed functionally determine individual differences in performance of all cognitive skills by people of different general intellectual ability (Eysenck, 1986; Jensen, 1985) or age (Salthouse, 1982, 1985). The experiments on which this literature has been based suffer from methodological weaknesses, such that comparisons have only been made very early in practice and have only concerned mean latencies for correct responses. An experiment compared 90 volunteers aged from 50 through 79 years who were grouped in terms of their performance on the AH 4 (Heim, 1968) IQ test. It explored the joint and independent effects of individual differences in age and in IQ test score and the effects of practice on mean latencies (C RTs) on the shapes of distributions of correct and incorrect responses and on the limiting speeds with which accurate responses can be made (speed/error trade-off functions). We suggest that a plausible explanation for the results is that individual differences in age and in general ability influence C RTs mainly because they affect the efficiency with which responses can be controlled to maximize speed while maintaining accuracy.

P1-073 Depression in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease does not affect psychometric test performance

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. S116
Author(s):  
Martha Storandt ◽  
Kimberly K. Powlishta ◽  
Tammy A. Mandenach ◽  
Ellen Hogan ◽  
Elizabeth A. Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Psychometric Test ◽  
Early Stages

scholarly journals Neural and Behavioral Evidence for Affective Priming from Unconsciously Perceived Emotional Facial Expressions and the Influence of Trait Anxiety

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Li ◽  
Richard E. Zinbarg ◽  
Stephan G. Boehm ◽  
Ken A. Paller
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Affective Priming ◽  
Personality Testing ◽  
Extrastriate Cortex ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Face Expressions

Affective judgments can often be influenced by emotional information people unconsciously perceive, but the neural mechanisms responsible for these effects and how they are modulated by individual differences in sensitivity to threat are unclear. Here we studied subliminal affective priming by recording brain potentials to surprise faces preceded by 30-msec happy or fearful prime faces. Participants showed valence-consistent changes in affective ratings of surprise faces, although they reported no knowledge of prime-face expressions, nor could they discriminate between prime-face expressions in a forced-choice test. In conjunction with the priming effect on affective evaluation, larger occipital P1 potentials at 145–175 msec were found with fearful than with happy primes, and source analyses implicated the bilateral extrastriate cortex in this effect. Later brain potentials at 300–400 msec were enhanced with happy versus fearful primes, which may reflect differential attentional orienting. Personality testing for sensitivity to threat, especially social threat, was also used to evaluate individual differences potentially relevant to subliminal affective priming. Indeed, participants with high trait anxiety demonstrated stronger affective priming and greater P1 differences than did those with low trait anxiety, and these effects were driven by fearful primes. Results thus suggest that unconsciously perceived affective information influences social judgments by altering very early perceptual analyses, and that this influence is accentuated to the extent that people are oversensitive to threat. In this way, perception may be subject to a variety of influences that govern social preferences in the absence of concomitant awareness of such influences.

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