Can levels of a general anxiety-prone cognitive style distinguish between various anxiety disorders?

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladan Starcevic ◽  
Peter Sammut ◽  
David Berle ◽  
Anthony Hannan ◽  
Denise Milicevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
General Anxiety

A general anxiety-prone cognitive style in anxiety disorders

2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.H Uhlenhuth ◽  
Vladan Starcevic ◽  
Teddy D Warner ◽  
William Matuzas ◽  
Teresita McCarty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
General Anxiety

The Prevalence of Comorbid Anxiety in Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder and Bipolar Disorder

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Cosoff ◽  
R. Julian Hafner
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Schizoaffective Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Psychotic Episode ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Clinical Benefits

Objective: The aim of this study to determine the prevalence of anxiety disorders in publically treated psychiatric inpatients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bipolar disorder. Method: Using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID), 100 consecutive inpatients with a psychotic disorder were examined for the presence or absence of an anxiety disorder. Questionnaire measures of phobias, obsessive-compulsive and general anxiety symptoms were also applied. Results: The prevalences of social phobia (17%), obsessiv-ompulsive disorder (13%) and generalised anxiety disorder in schizophrenia were relatively high, as were prevalences of obsessive-compulsive (30%) and panic disorder (15%) in bipolar disorder. The proportion of subjects with an anxiety disorder (4345%) was almost identical across the three psychoses, with some evidence of gender differences. Although self-ratings of overall psychiatric symptoms were significantly elevated in those with anxiety disorders, hospital admission rates were not. Conclusions: Almost none of those with anxíeGty disorders were being treated for them, primarily because the severity of the acute psychotic illness required full diagnostic and therapeutic attention. Patients were generally discharged as soon as their psychotic episode was resolved, with little recognition of the presence of an anxiety disorder. Given that anxiety disorders are relatively responsive to treatment, greater awareness of their comorbidity with psychosis should yield worthwhile clinical benefits.

Antecedents of Looming Cognitive Style: Associations With Reported Perceived Parenting and Attachment

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayşe Altan-Atalay ◽  
Halise Belgin Ayvaşık
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Cognitive Vulnerability ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Attachment Anxiety ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cognitive Vulnerabilities ◽  
Perceived Parenting ◽  
Looming Cognitive Style

Looming Cognitive Style, which was proposed as cognitive vulnerability model specific for anxiety disorders, suggests that anxiety-prone individuals have a tendency to perceive threats and dangers as getting closer, becoming larger, and more agonizing every passing minute. Yet, very few studies focused on the family-related variables that are associated with development of Looming Cognitive Style. This study aims to investigate the relationship of Looming Cognitive Style with measures perceived parenting and attachment. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 389 university students aged between 18 and 35 as participants. The participants were assessed through Looming Cognitive Style, perceived parenting, attachment anxiety, and avoidance. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated Looming Cognitive Style to be significantly predicted by maternal overprotection and anxiety dimension of attachment. The results are important in understanding how parenting-related variables are related to development of cognitive vulnerabilities specific to anxiety disorders.

Anxiety disorders

2015 ◽  
pp. 195-206
Author(s):  
Martin Brüne
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Smoke Detector ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
General Anxiety Disorder ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
System Activation ◽  
Perceived Danger ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Emotional Level

Anxiety disorders comprise a group of syndromes that revolve around fear or worry elicited by specific situations and objects (i.e. phobias), or occurring independently of specific triggers (general anxiety disorder). They are accompanied by autonomic nervous system activation, including sweating, tachycardia, tremor, and nausea. Avoidance of the precipitating stimulus is typical. Anxiety disorders occur in response to perceived danger or threat. Accordingly, flight or freezing may follow. At the cognitive level, anxiety disorders are associated with increased uncertainty about future threats, and at the emotional level with feelings of uncontrollability and unpredictability. Like depression, anxiety disorders are concerned with harm avoidance and defence. Fear and anxiety are among the most common evolutionarily conserved emotions. Following the analogy of the smoke detector, thresholds for fear responses are low, which may explain why so many false alarms occur. Threshold-lowering factors include impending abandonment or the perception of social threat.

Problems in the classification of anxiety disorders

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
J.J. López-Ibor
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Separation Anxiety ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
General Anxiety Disorder ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Neurotic Disorders ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorders ◽  
New Treatments

SummaryThe classification of neurotic disorders still remains an unresolved problem. It has even been argued that there is no necessity to classify such unspecific reaction modes. Nevertheless, modern clinical research and new treatments both suggest and require that distinctions be made in the realm of neurotic disorders. DSM-III has paved the way for classifications based on symptoms, a trend present in DSM-IV and ICD-10 (Table I) drafts. However, the history of those disorders becomes blurred with this approach, and certain questions arise; for instance, what the relationship is between childhood separation anxiety and panic attacks in the adult, or between the latter and agoraphobia, or between childhood separation anxiety and major depression. Some longitudinal data, including that included in the present paper (Tables II—V), suggest a close relationship between these disorders, which is very much in contrast with what occurs in generalized anxiety disorders. Both patients with panic disorder and those suffering from general anxiety disorder tend to become chronic somatizers with advancing age, as is shown in the data presented in this paper.

scholarly journals Different Clinical Expression of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Assessment and Treatment

PRILOZI ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-40
Author(s):  
Nada Pop-Jordanova
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Personality Questionnaire ◽  
General Anxiety Disorder ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background: Fearful and anxious behaviour is especially common in children, when they come across new situations and experiences. The difference between normal worry and an anxiety disorder is in the severity and in the interference with everyday life and normal developmental steps. Many longitudinal studies in children suggest that anxiety disorders are relatively stable over time and predict anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescence and adulthood. For this reason, the early diagnostic and treatment are needed. Researchers supposed that anxiety is a result of repeated stress. Additionally, some genetic, neurobiological, developmental factors are also involved in the aetiology. Methods and subjects: The aim of this article is to summarize and to present our own results obtained with the assessment and treatment of different forms of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents such as: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Dental anxiety, General Anxiety Disorder (GAD), and Anxious-phobic syndrome. Some results are published separately in different journals. a) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in 10 young children aged 9 ± 2, 05 y. is evaluated and discussed concerning the attachment quality. b) The group with OCD comprises 20 patients, mean age 14,5 ± 2,2 years, evaluated with Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Child behaviour Checklist (CBCL), K-SADS (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School age children), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), SCWT (Stroop Colour Word task), WCST (Wisconsin Card Scoring test). c) Dental stress is evaluated in a group of 50 patients; mean age for girls 11,4 ± 2,4 years; for boys 10,7 ± 2,6 years, evaluated with (General Anxiety Scale (GASC), and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). d) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles obtained for General Anxiety Disorder in 20 young females and 15 males aged 25,7± 5,35 years, and a group with Panic attack syndrome N=15 aged 19,3±4,9 years are presented and discussed by comparison of the results for healthy people. e) Heart Rate Variability (HRV) was applied for assessment and treatment in 15 anxious-phobic patients, mean age 12, 5±2,25 years and results are compared with other groups of mental disorder. Results: Children with PTSD showed a high level of anxiety and stress, somatization and behavioural problems (aggression, impulsivity, non-obedience and nightmares), complemented by hypersensitive and depressed mothers and misattachment in the early period of infancy. Consequently, the explanation of the early predisposition to PTSD was related to be the non-developed Right Orbital Cortex. The later resulted from insecure attachment confirmed in all examined children. The obtained neuropsychological profile of children with OCD confirmed a clear presence of obsessions and compulsions, average intellectual capacities, but the absence of depressive symptoms. Executive functions were investigated through Event Related Potentials on Go/NoGo tasks. Results showed that no significant clinical manifestations of cognitive dysfunction among children with OCD in the early stage of the disorder are present, but it could be expected to be appearing in the later stage of the disorder if it is no treated. In a study of 50 children randomly selected, two psychometric instruments were applied for measuring general anxiety and personal characteristics. It was confirmed that there was presence of significant anxiety level (evaluated with GASC) among children undergoing dental intervention. The difference in anxiety scores between girls and boys was also confirmed (girls having higher scores for anxiety). Results obtained with EPQ showed low psychopathological traits, moderate extraversion and neuroticism, but accentuated insincerity (L scale). L scales are lower by increasing of age, but P scores rise with age, which can be related to puberty. No correlation was found between personality traits and anxiety except for neuroticism, which is positively correlated with the level of anxiety. The obtained profiles for MMPI-201 in a group of patients with general anxiety are presented as a figure. Females showed only Hy peak, but in the normal range. However, statistics confirmed significant difference between scores in anxiety group and control (t= 2, 25164; p= 0, 038749). Males showed Hs-Hy-Pt peaks with higher (pathological) scores, related to hypersensitivity of the autonomic nervous system, as well as with manifested anxiety. Calculation confirmed significant difference between control and anxiety in men (t= 15.13, p=0.000). Additionally, MMPI profiles for patients with attack panic syndrome are also presented as a figure. Control scales for females showed typical V form (scales 1 and 3) related to conversing tendencies. In addition, females showed peaks on Pt-Sc scales, but in normal ranges. Pathological profile is obtained in males, with Hy-Sc peaks; this profile corresponds to persons with regressive characteristics, emotionally instable and with accentuated social withdraw. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the beat to beat variability in heart rate, related to the work of autonomic nervous system. It may serve as a psychophysiological indicator for arousal, emotional state and stress level. We used HRV in both, the assessment and biofeedback training, in a group of anxious-phobic and obsessive-compulsive school children. Results obtained with Eysenck Personality Questionnaire showed significantly higher psychopathological traits, higher neuroticism and lower lie scores. After 15 session HRV training very satisfying results for diminishing stress and anxiety were obtained.

scholarly journals Pharmaceutical Management of General Anxiety Disorder

2021 ◽  
pp. 395-405
Author(s):  
Rehab Hafiz ◽  
Khawlah Fairaq ◽  
Lama Alfawzan ◽  
Sharaf Alharazi ◽  
Atheer Alrsheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
General Anxiety Disorder ◽  
General Anxiety

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental disorder defined as excessive worrying over little things. It is a one of the most common types of anxiety disorders. A study stated that 1-5% of the general population suffers from GAD.  The condition affects the quality of life of a patient negatively and activities in their everyday life. In this review article, we highlighted several studies that compared combined therapy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy to either therapy alone, results were conflicting and differ from one study to another.  Provide a thorough and comprehensive review of the different approaches of GAD management, several database websites were searched for articles discussing the pharmacological management of general anxiety disorder. Clinical trials, clinical guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and review articles were all reviewed and considered for inclusion. The review emphasizes the importance of taking the decision of therapy after counseling the patient, taking into account, the cost effectiveness of the treatment, patient’s symptomatology, comorbidity, medical conditions, concomitant using medications, previous trials and preference. Accordingly, thorough assessment should be done before moving to management plan, and a trial of other group or other therapies should be taken if there is no response seen. However, generalized anxiety disorder is one of the most common types of anxiety disorders. It has a lifetime prevalence around 5%, it can include intolerable cognitive, emotional and physical symptoms. Thus, GAD can adversely affect the patient’s life aspects, including personal, functional, social or educational. There are options to be taken among psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy or combined therapy.

scholarly journals Psychometric Properties of the General Anxiety Disorders-7 Scale Using Categorical Data Methods: A Study in a Sample of University Attending Ethiopian Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol Volume 17 ◽  
pp. 893-903
Author(s):  
Md Dilshad Manzar ◽  
Ahmad H Alghadir ◽  
Shahnawaz Anwer ◽  
Mazen Alqahtani ◽  
Mohammed Salahuddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Categorical Data ◽  
General Anxiety
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